{"id":979,"date":"2023-10-12T15:49:47","date_gmt":"2023-10-12T07:49:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/?p=979"},"modified":"2025-10-09T13:55:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T05:55:18","slug":"mni-01-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/12\/mni-01-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Modernity &#038; Intimacy 01 Love"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><center>\u672c\u6587\u8bd1\u81ea\uff1a<a href = \"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/\">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/a><\/center><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u672c\u6587\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u3002\u7406\u89e3<strong>\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7231<\/strong>\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u9996\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u7231\u6211\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u6211\u7231\u6211\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u3001\u5b69\u5b50\u6216\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u9f50\u5934\u5e76\u8fdb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u7231\u7684\u8ff7\u601d\u3002\u7231\u60c5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u9053\u7406\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6709\uff0cHow\uff1f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u7231\u60c5\u5bf9\u7231\u4eba\u548c\u88ab\u7231\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743(autonomy)\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"has-toc have-toc\"><\/div><\/p>\n<h2>\u4e00\u3001\u521d\u6b65\u533a\u522b<\/h2>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u666e\u901a\u7684\u8c08\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u542c\u5230\u5982\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>I love chocolate (or skiing).<\/li>\n<li>I love doing philosophy (or being a father).<\/li>\n<li>I love my dog (or cat).<\/li>\n<li>I love my wife (or mother or child or friend).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u7231\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u5374\u89c6\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u5b9a\u3002(1)\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6211\u5f88\u559c\u6b22\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u6216\u8005\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002(2)\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u6216\u8005\u6211\u6210\u4e3a\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u6211\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u8ba9\u6211\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u503c\u5f97\u8fc7\uff1b\u4e0d\u59a8\u8bf4\u6211<strong>\u770b\u91cd(value)<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c(3)\u548c(4)\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u540c\u5316\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06(4)\u4e2d\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7231\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002(\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c(3)\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a\u4eba\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u7231\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002)\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728(4)\u4e2d\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u90a3\u79cd<strong>\u4e2a\u4eba<\/strong>\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7231\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9(\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605Frankfurt (1999) \u548c Jaworska &amp; Wonderly(2017) \u5c1d\u8bd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u4eba\u7684\u66f4\u901a\u7528\u7684\u89e3\u91ca)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u79f0\u547c\u201c\u7231\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a<code>eros<\/code>\u3001<code>agape<\/code>\u548c<code>philia<\/code>\u3002\u533a\u5206\u8fd9\u4e09\u8005\u3001\u5e76\u4e14\u8bf4\u660e\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6a21\u7cca\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b(\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u6545\u610f\u7684)\u6216\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u201cEros\u201d\u6700\u521d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u7231\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6027\u6fc0\u60c5(Liddell et al., 1940)\u3002Nygren (1953a,b) \u5c06eros\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u2018\u6b32\u671b\u4e4b\u7231\u2019\u6216\u8d2a\u5f97\u65e0\u538c\u7684\u7231\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684 (1953b, p. 89)\u3002Soble(1989b\uff0c1990)\u540c\u6837\u5c06eros\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u79c1\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u5584\u826f\u6216\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002Soble\u5bf9eros\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u660e\u663e\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a\u5728\u201c\u6027\u6b32(erosic)\u201d\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7231\u67d0\u4e8b\u7269(\u4f7f\u7528Soble coins\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed)\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94(\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7406\u7531)\u800c\u7231\u5b83\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7231\u5b83\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5728<em>Symposium<\/em>\u4e2d\u9f13\u52b1\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9eros\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u5c06\u6027\u6b32\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u7f8e\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u5e94\u5e94\u8be5\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7075\u9b42\u4e4b\u7f8e\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5f62\u5f0f\u7f8e\u7684\u53cd\u5e94(ultimately, into a response to the form, Beauty)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;Soble\u5c06eros\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7406\u6027(<strong>reason-dependent<\/strong>)\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e0eagape\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u7231\u3002Agape\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6f14\u53d8\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u795e\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u548c\u4eba\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u63a8\u800c\u5e7f\u4e4b\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u7231\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u5144\u5f1f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7231\u3002\u5728\u795e\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7231\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0cagape\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u503c\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u7231\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u795e\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u7231(Nygren 1953b\uff0c\u7b2c85\u9875)\u3002Agape\u4e0d\u662f\u56de\u5e94\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u884c\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u542f\u52a8\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u56e2\u5951(\u7b2c87-88\u9875)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cBadhwar (2003, p. 58) \u5c06agape\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff1bSoble (1990, p. 5) \u63a8\u65ad\uff0c\u4e0eeros\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cagape\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7406\u6027(<strong>not reason dependent<\/strong>)\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u627f\u8ba4\u56e0\u679c\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-1\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u201cphilia\u201d\u6700\u521d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u4f19\u4f34\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6df1\u60c5\u5173\u6000\u6216\u53cb\u597d\u611f\u60c5(Liddell et al., 1940; Cooper, 1977)\u3002\u4e0eeros\u4e00\u6837\uff0cphilia\u901a\u5e38(\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u666e\u904d)\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684(\u826f\u597d)\u54c1\u8d28\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u3002Eros\u548cphilia\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u4f7fThomas(1987)\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u548c\u53cb\u8c0a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u533a\u522b\u662f\u5426\u662f\u524d\u8005\u7684\u6027\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7531\u4e8eSobel\u8bd5\u56fe\u524a\u5f31\u6027\u6b32\u5728eros\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027(1990)\uff0ceros\u548cphilia\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u96be\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5f53\u9762\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u7231\u60c5(\u5305\u62ec\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5)\u548c\u53cb\u8c0a\u7406\u8bba\u65f6\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301eros\u3001agape\u548cphilia\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u9762\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cbf\u7740agape\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u88ab\u7231\u7740\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4ef7\u503c(\u53c2\u80034.2\u8282)\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5219\u5c06\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u89c6\u4e3a\u770b\u4f3c\u53cb\u8c0a\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u9274\u4e8e\u8fd9\u91cc\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u548c\u795e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5c06\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5f53\u4ee3\u7231\u60c5\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u5c55\u73b0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u2014\u2014eros\u548cphilia\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5c06\u653e\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u91c7\u53d6\u7684<strong>\u6001\u5ea6<\/strong>\u7684\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-2\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u7231\u65f6\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u5fc3\u533a\u5206\u7231\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u79ef\u6781\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u559c\u6b22\u3002\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\uff0c\u7231\u4e0e\u559c\u6b22\u7b49\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u8981\u9610\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u5177\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u201c\u559c\u6b22\u201d\u7684\u7c97\u7565\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cSinger(1991)\u548cBrown(1987)\u5c06\u559c\u6b22\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6b32\u671b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ec5\u5177\u6709\u5de5\u5177(\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5185\u5728)\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd<em>\u4ecb\u4e8e\u5bf9\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u7231\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4<\/em>\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u5979\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u5fc3\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e(\u65e0\u7f3a\u9677\u5730)\u7231\u5979\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5173\u5fc3\u6211\u7684\u72d7\uff0c 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2015)\u3002\u7231\u60c5\u662f\u5426\u6d89\u53ca\u67d0\u79cd\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u7231\u60c5\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u3002\u7279\u522b\u7684\uff0cWhiting(2013)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8ba4\u540c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7231\u6240\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7231\u662f\u901a\u8fc7<strong>\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca<\/strong>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7<strong>\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba<\/strong>\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u6fc0\u52b1\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cWhiting\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u7231\u5c06\u7231\u4eba\u201c\u5e26\u51fa\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u611f\u52a8\u800c\u5fd8\u8bb0\u81ea\u5df1\u3002(\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4ece\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5728\u8ba4\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\uff1b\u53c2\u89c1Helm 2010\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5c06\u7231\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u6001\u5ea6\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bc4\u4ef7\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u7231\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u662f\u5426\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7684\u8bdd\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u95ee\u9898\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u662f\u5408\u7406\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u7231\u6216\u7ee7\u7eed\u7231\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u8bc1\u660e\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4ece\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u8bd5\u56fe\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u60c5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u6052\u4e45\u6216\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7231\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u7231\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bd5\u63a2\u6027\u5730\u3001\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u7231\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u7231\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u7231\u548c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u7231\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f52\u5165\u67d0\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u6beb\u65e0\u77db\u76fe\u5730\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5206\u7c7b\u3002(\u6b64\u7c7b\u60c5\u51b5\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u8ff0\u3002)\u5206\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u662f\u51c6\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3001\u4f9d\u604b\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7231\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u4ece\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d9\u8ff0\u660e\u786e\u5730\u907f\u5f00\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53bb\u5c55\u793a\u7231\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u65b9\u9762\u201d\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6e05\u6670\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u786e\u5b9a\u76f8\u5173\u7c7b\u522b\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u3001Love as Union<\/h2>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u7231\u5728\u4e8e\u5f62\u6210(\u6216\u6e34\u671b\u5f62\u6210)\u67d0\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u9610\u660e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u7231\u4eba\u548c\u88ab\u7231\u8005\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u65b0\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u53d8\u79cd\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7(\u53c2\u89c1Sherman  1993)\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728Montaigne\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14(1997)\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\uff1b\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5305\u62ecSolomon(1981\u30011988)\u3001Scruton(1986)\u3001Nozick(1989)\u3001Fisher(1990)\u548cDelaney(1996)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;Scruton\u5728\u4e13\u95e8\u8bba\u8ff0\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u53ea\u8981\u4e92\u60e0\u6210\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff1a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u514b\u670d\u6211\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u533a\u522b\u201d(1986\uff0c\u7b2c230\u9875)\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u51fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u5fc3\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f60\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u3002Fisher(1990)\u6301\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4f46\u66f4\u4e3a\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u60c5\u662f\u604b\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u3001\u5173\u5fc3\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u53cd\u5e94\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u878d\u5408\u3002Scruton\u548cFisher\u7684\u60ca\u4eba\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u58f0\u79f0\u7231\u60c5\u9700\u8981\u604b\u4eba\u6240\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u60c5\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u5173\u5fc3\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u6211\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u533a\u522b\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4f60\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u7231\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u5173\u5fc3\u7684(\u9690\u55bb\u6027\u7684\uff1f)\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u8c01\u800c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;Solomon(1988)\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u8bd5\u56fe\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u4e2a\u7075\u9b42\u2018\u878d\u5408\u2019\u7684\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u4e49\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9690\u55bb\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ece\u2018\u7231\u2019\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u201d(\u7b2c24\u9875\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Solomon 1981)\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u4ed6\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u7075\u9b42\u201d\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7231\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u201c\u5b57\u9762\u201d\u878d\u5408)\u3002Solomon\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u604b\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u7231\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff1a\u201c\u7231\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u548c\u5f3a\u70c8\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4eba\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u201d(1988\uff0c\u7b2c197\u9875)\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u604b\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5206\u4eab\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u65b9\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;Nozick(1989)\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0eScruton\u3001Fisher\u548cSolomon\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8054\u5408\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8bfa\u9f50\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u60c5\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f60\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u662f\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5b9e\u4f53\u2026\u2026\u7531[\u604b\u4eba]\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65b0\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u5206\u79bb\u201d(\u7b2c70\u9875)\u3002\u5728\u9610\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\uff0cNozick\u58f0\u79f0\u604b\u4eba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u201c\u6c47\u96c6\u201d\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u7949\u90fd\u4e0e\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u798f\u7949\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u201c\u6c47\u96c6\u201d\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5c06\u4e4b\u524d\u505a\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e2d\u3002\u6b64\u5916Nozick\u8fd8\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u604b\u4eba\u5404\u81ea\u90fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u7531(a)\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u88ab\u516c\u5f00\u89c6\u4e3a\u60c5\u4fa3\uff0c(b)\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u5171\u540c\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff0c(c)\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u79cd\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>A person in a we might find himself coming across something interesting to read yet leaving it for the other person, not because he himself would not be interested in it but because the other would be more interested, and one of them reading it is sufficient for it to be registered by the wider identity now shared, the we.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-3\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u592a\u8fc7\u5206\u4e86\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5b57\u9762\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u5bf9\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002\u81ea\u4e3b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5979\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u8c01\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u5979\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u7b49\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u4f60\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u660e\u786e\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u604b\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ece\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7231\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u574f\u4e8b\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u66f4\u7cdf(Singer 1994\uff1bSoble 1997)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cSinger(1994)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8ba9\u4f60\u7684\u7231\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u4f60\u7231\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61(your beloved be the object of your love)\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5c0a\u91cd\u4f60\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u5c0a\u91cd\u5979\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u8005\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6279\u8bc4\u3002Nozick(1989)\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u4e2d\u5931\u53bb\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u662f\u604b\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7279\u5f81\u3002Fisher(1990)\u6709\u70b9\u4e0d\u60c5\u613f\u5730\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u4e2d\u5931\u53bb\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u662f\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u786c\u7740\u5934\u76ae\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u800c\u5df2\u3002Solomon(1988\uff0c\u7b2c64\u9875)\u5c06\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5f20\u529b\u201d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u7231\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cSoble(1997)\u5632\u7b11\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u50cfSolomon\u90a3\u6837\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u7231\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ed6\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u4ed6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u5fc3\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u81ea\u79c1\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u727a\u7272\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u9664\u6211\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u628a\u4f60\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136(Soble 1997\uff1b\u53c2\u89c1 Blum 1980\u30011993)\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u7684\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5173\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u663e\u7136\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u89e3\u4f60\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\uff0cDelaney\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u6e34\u671b\u88ab<strong>\u65e0\u79c1(unselfishly)\u7684\u7231<\/strong>(\u56e0\u4e3a\u62c5\u5fc3\u88ab\u5265\u524a)\u548c\u6e34\u671b<strong>\u88ab\u6709\u6761\u4ef6(for reasons)\u7684\u7231<\/strong>(\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7231\u4eba\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u57fa\u7840)\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Given my view that the romantic ideal is primarily characterized by a desire to achieve a profound consolidation of needs and interests through the formation of a we, I do not think a little selfishness of the sort described should pose a worry to either party.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u6070\u6070\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u5bf9\u6211\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u3002\u6b63\u5982Whiting(1991\uff0c\u7b2c10\u9875)\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c1d\u8bd5\u201c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u53cd\u611f\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u201d\uff1a\u5728\u7231\u60c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u4e86\u6211\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u5173\u5fc3<strong>\u5979<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u80fd\u4ece\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002(\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5c3d\u7ba1Whiting\u548cSoble\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u6210\u529f\u5730\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e86\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u672a\u80fd\u627f\u8ba4\u4ece\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002Whiting\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u51fa\u8def\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u7231\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u523b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56(Singer 1994\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c165\u9875\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u4ec1\u6148\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u6784\u6210(\u53c2\u89c1\uff0cRorty 1986\/1993\uff1bNussbaum 1990)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6cbf\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u8def\uff0cFriedman(1998)\u90e8\u5206\u4eceDelaney(1996)\u90a3\u91cc\u6c72\u53d6\u7075\u611f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u7231\u60c5\u4e2d\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u6211<strong>\u8054\u90a6<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>On the federation model, a third unified entity is constituted by the interaction of the lovers, one which involves the lovers acting in concert across a range of conditions and for a range of purposes. This concerted action, however, does not erase the existence of the two lovers as separable and separate agents with continuing possibilities for the exercise of their own respective agencies. [p. 165]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u9274\u4e8e\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u604b\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u653e\u5f03\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u6ca1\u6709\u539f\u5219\u6027\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u604b\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u4ed6<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-4\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0cFriedman\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7ed3\u5408\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u96f6\u548c\u6e38\u620f\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7231\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u589e\u5f3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5404\u79cd\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u73b0\u5b9e\u548c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u57f9\u517b\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u90a6\u6a21\u578b\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u7248\u672c\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u8054\u90a6(\u6216Nozick\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d)\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7ed9\u51fa\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5176\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5730\u4f4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u610f\u56fe\u548c\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6587\u732e\u3002Gilbert(1989\uff0c1996\uff0c2000)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u975e\u5e38\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u5176\u7ec4\u6210\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Tuomela(1984\uff0c1995)\u3001Searle(1990)\u548c(Bratman\uff0c1999)\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u6709\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u8c08\u8bba\u89c6\u4e3a\u9690\u55bb\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e09\u3001Love as Robust Concern<\/h2>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6b63\u5982\u5bf9\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e86\u7231\u4eba\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u5979\u662f\u7231\u5979\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba(The robust concern view of love)\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7279\u5f81(\u53c2\u89c1Taylor 1976\uff1bNewton-Smith 1989\uff1bSoble 1990\u30011997\uff1bLaFollette 1996\uff1bFrankfurt 1999\uff1bWhite 2001)\u3002\u6b63\u5982Taylor\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>To summarize: if x loves y then x wants to benefit and be with y etc., and he has these wants (or at least some of them) because he believes y has some determinate characteristics \u03c8 in virtue of which he thinks it worth while to benefit and be with y. He regards satisfaction of these wants as an end and not as a means towards some other end. [p. 157]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u5c06\u6211\u5bf9\u4f60\u7684\u7231\u6784\u60f3\u4e3a\u6211\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f60\u800c\u5bf9\u4f60\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u65f6\uff0c\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u7ed3\u5408\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5373\u7231\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a(\u5b57\u9762\u7684\u6216\u9690\u55bb\u7684)\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a \u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\uff1a\u6211\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u5bf9\u4f60\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u65e0\u79c1\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c31\u76ee\u524d\u800c\u8a00\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f60\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-5\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u201c\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u201d(Frankfurt 1999\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c129\u9875\uff1b\u53e6\u89c1Martin 2015)\u3002Frankfurt\u8fd8\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>That a person cares about or that he loves something has less to do with how things make him feel, or with his opinions about them, than with the more or less stable motivational structures that shape his preferences and that guide and limit his conduct.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e3a\u4e86\u67d0\u4eba\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u5979\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d7\u5230\u6fc0\u52b1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5bf9\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4ece\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u51b7\u843d\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u7eea\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u7eea\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5f53\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u70c8\u613f\u671b\u843d\u7a7a\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u5d29\u6e83\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u540c\u6837\u6076\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0cFrankfurt(1999)\u5fc3\u7167\u4e0d\u5ba3\uff0c\u800cWhite(2001)\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6211\u4e3a\u4e86\u6211\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u5979\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u901a\u8fc7\u5979\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u53d8\u5f97\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5979\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u8005\u90fd\u8d5e\u540c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff1b\u5c24\u5176Taylor(1976)\u548cSoble(1990)\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u4eba\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6211\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u7231\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5177\u6709\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u201c\u6df1\u5ea6\u201d\u3002(\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605Rorty 1986\/1993\u3002)\u6301\u6709\u4e2d\u7acb\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u662fStump(2006)\uff0c\u4ed6\u9075\u5faaAquinas\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u7231\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e0e\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u67d0\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7236\u6bcd\u3001\u914d\u5076\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u6216\u7267\u5e08\u6216\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u60a8\u4e0e\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u5206\u4eab\u81ea\u5df1\u5e76\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-6\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5bf9\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u8fc7\u4e8e\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u7406\u89e3(Ebels-Duggan 2008)\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\uff0c\u7231\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u53d1\u73b0\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5f53\u7231\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4f1a\u635f\u5bb3\u5979\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u963b\u788d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u4fae\u8fb1\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7231\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002Ebels-Duggan\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7231\u6d89\u53ca\u4e92\u52a8\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u8ba4\u53ef\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u7231\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u7949\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5979\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743(\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff1a\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u5f0f\u4f5c\u98ce\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7231\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u800c\u5408\u7406\u4e14\u9002\u5f53)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5408\u7406\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u4f7f\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7231\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5979\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5979\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u7231\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0eEbels-Duggan\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u7949\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u53cd\u9a73\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u662f\uff0c\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5355\u8584\u7684\u7231\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cVelleman(1999)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u7231\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u65e8\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u7684(\u5373\uff0c\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u5229)\u7684\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u7231\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u610f\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u7231\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53cd\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7231\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f60\u4e0d\u60f3\u548c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3001\u4f60\u4e0d\u60f3\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4ed6\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u7b49\u5236\u9020\u9ebb\u70e6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0cBadhwar(2003)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u7231\u89c2\u4f7f\u5f97\u201c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4e0d\u518d\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3\u6216\u53d7\u76ca\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u7231\u4ed6\u5f88\u4e45\u201d\u53d8\u5f97\u795e\u79d8\u8d77\u6765(\u7b2c46\u9875)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cBadhwar\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7231\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\uff1b \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7231\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u89c9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6700\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u7231\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u6700\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cVelleman\u548cBadhwar\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u7231\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6e34\u671b\u6216\u5173\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u592a\u4ed3\u4fc3\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5728\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u5185\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728Velleman\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f60\u7684\u4eb2\u621a\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u8eb2\u907f\u4ed6\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u6240\u6df9\u6ca1\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f7f\u4ed6\u53d7\u76ca\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5(Velleman\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5)\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u67d0\u4eba\u548c\u4e0d\u60f3\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5f20\u529b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u800cVelleman\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u5df2\u6545\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u7231\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5bc4\u751f\u4e8e\u4f60\u5728\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6d3b\u7740\u65f6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u5148\u524d\u7231\uff1a\u4f60\u7684\u5229\u4ed6\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5229\u4ed6\u613f\u671b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-7\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5173\u5fc3\u4f60\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u7949\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f60\u7f3a\u5c11\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u5fc3\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4fdd\u6301\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0e\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8d28\u7591Velleman\u548cBadhwar\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7231\u7231\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u4eb2\u621a\u6216\u5df2\u6545\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7231\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5bc4\u751f\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0a\u3002\u8f7b\u6613\u5730\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u7231\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7eb3\u5165\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4e0e\u8303\u5f0f\u6848\u4f8b\u540c\u7b49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u7406\u7531\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u6000\u7591\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u7231\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u201c\u6df1\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u533a\u5206\u7231\u4e0e\u559c\u6b22\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u7231\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u88ab\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u6240\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u7231\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7231\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;Wonderly(2017)\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u65e0\u79c1\u5173\u6000(\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6838\u5fc3)\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1a\u5728\u7231\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002Wonderly(2017)\u901a\u8fc7\u4f9d\u604b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(\u5728Wonderly(2016)\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u53d1\u5c55)\u5145\u5b9e\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u201d\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201ccan make sense of the intimacy and depth of love from within what remains fundamentally a robust-concern account.\u201d<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-8\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>\u56db\u3001Love as Valuing<\/h2>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u7231\u60c5\u89c2\u5c06\u7231\u60c5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7(valuing)\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d eros\u548cagape\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u7231\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u91cd\u89c6\u5979\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u4e3a\u7231\u4ed6\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u5bf9\u7231\u4eba\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u7231\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u5728\u7231\u4ed6\u65f6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5c06\u57284.1\u8282\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5979<em>\u8d4b\u4e88<\/em>\u4ed6\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5c06\u57284.2\u8282\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4.1 Love as Appraisal of Value<\/h3>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;Velleman(1999, 2008)\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7(appraisal)\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u548c\u56de\u5e94\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002(\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1 Kolodny 2003)\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u9700\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7231\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8bba\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7231\u60c5\u8fd8\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6d89\u53ca\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1b\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u89c2\u70b9\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8bba\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7231<strong>\u5305\u542b\u5728(consist in)<\/strong>\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u9610\u8ff0\u7231\u60c5\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u65f6\uff0cVelleman\u8ffd\u968f\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff0c\u5c06\u5c0a\u4e25(dignity)\u4e0e\u4ef7\u683c(price)\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9690\u55bb\u6240\u6697\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6709\u4ef7\u683c\u5c31\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6beb\u65e0\u635f\u5931\u5730\u4ea4\u6362\u76f8\u540c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5c0a\u4e25\u5c31\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u53d8\u5f97\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u5546\u54c1\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e2d\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb(\u548c\u83b7\u5f97)\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6839\u636e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u6027\u672c\u6027\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u4e3b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u6240\u9a71\u52a8\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u505a\u51fa\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u7406\u6027\u672c\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25(\u5c0a\u4e25\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u80fd\u529b)\uff1a\u516c\u6b63\u7684<strong>\u5c0a\u91cd<\/strong>\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002Velleman\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u9075\u5faa\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u662f\u5b83\u201c\u6291\u5236\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u7231\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u963b\u6b62\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u4ed6\u5f53\u4f5c\u8fbe\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5(\u7b2c360\u9875)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u9274\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0cVelleman\u58f0\u79f0\u7231\u540c\u6837\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u7231\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u7231\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7231\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u662f\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7231\u963b\u6b62\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u7231\uff0c\u800c\u662f<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>our tendencies toward emotional self-protection from another person, tendencies to draw ourselves in and close ourselves off from being affected by him. Love disarms our emotional defenses; it makes us vulnerable to the other. [1999, p. 361]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u7231\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u3001\u5438\u5f15\u3001\u540c\u60c5\u7b49\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7231\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7231\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u7231\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728(\u5c31\u50cf\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7231\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u4eb2\u621a\u7684\u7231\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u5728\u8eab\u8fb9)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3aVelleman\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u201c\u6df1\u5ea6\u201d\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\u8fd9\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8bf4\u4f60\u7231\u4f60\u7684\u72d7\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7528\u7231\u6765\u56de\u5e94\u6211\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\uff1a\u7231\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7279\u522b\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u9664\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u9632\u5fa1\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u53ef\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6700\u5927\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u7231\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u2014\u2014\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u7231\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u7231\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5462\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u5728\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6211\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u53d8\u5f97\u8106\u5f31\u800c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8fbe\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5076\u7136\u5951\u5408\u3002\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u914d\u5408\u4f1a\u8ba9\u67d0\u4eba\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u201c\u53ef\u7231\u201d(1999\uff0c\u7b2c372\u9875)\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u7528\u7231\u6765\u56de\u5e94\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5f85\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u6211\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002Velleman\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u53ef\u7231\u201d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u610f\u5473\u7740<strong>\u80fd\u591f<\/strong>\u88ab\u7231\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f<strong>\u503c\u5f97<\/strong>\u88ab\u7231\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ef4\u52d2\u66fc\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6211\u7231\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u7231\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u4f7f\u6211\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u7231\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c06\u7231\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4f46\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u6211\u7231\u4f60\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6211\u7684\u7231\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u6027\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u4f60\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316(\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u4e0d\u7136)\uff0c\u6211\u4ecd\u7136\u7ee7\u7eed\u7231\u4f60\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Delaney(1996, \u7b2c347\u9875)\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>while you seem to want it to be true that, were you to become a schmuck, your lover would continue to love you,\u2026you also want it to be the case that your lover would never love a schmuck.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u7684\u7231\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4e0d\u7231\u7b28\u86cb\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u8fa8\u522b\u7231\u3001\u51fa\u4e8e\u5408\u7406\u7406\u7531\u53bb\u7231\u548c\u7ee7\u7eed\u7231\u4ee5\u53ca\u51fa\u4e8e\u5408\u7406\u7406\u7531\u505c\u6b62\u7231\u3002\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4f3c\u4e4e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u8d4b\u4e88\u4f60\u73b0\u5728\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u524d\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6b63\u662fVelleman\u5728\u533a\u5206\u7231\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u65f6\u6240\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;Velleman\u80fd\u5426\u7528\u4f60\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u6211\u7684\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u5951\u5408\u5ea6\u201d\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7231\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u6000\u7591\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\u662f\u60c5\u7eea\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\uff1a\u6211\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u9632\u5fa1\u80fd\u529b\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4f60\u53d8\u5f97\u8106\u5f31\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u53d8\u5f97\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u964d\u4e34\u5728\u4f60\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3(\u6216\u597d\u5904)\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u540c\u60c5\u5730\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4f60\u7684\u75db\u82e6(\u6216\u5feb\u4e50)\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u7eea\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u95ee\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u5bf9\u4f60\u8f93\u6389\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7684\u5931\u671b\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u5931\u5229\u611f\u5230\u5931\u671b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\u3002\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u6211\u7231\u4f60\u4f46\u4e0d\u7231\u4ed6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b54\u6848\u5bf9\u4e8eVelleman\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u4f60\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u662f\u7231\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6211\u7684\u7231\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u662fVelleman\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u6240\u7279\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u53d9\u8ff0(\u4f8b\u5982Kolodny 2003\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u7231\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7(\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6027\u5224\u65ad)\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u7231\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7231\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u52a8\u673a\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd(\u5982Velleman\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u5219\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u201c\u6df1\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7231\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u5982\u6b64\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/notes.html#note-9\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u6210\u5206\u6346\u7ed1\u5230\u8bc4\u4f30\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u5c06\u4f1a\u5c06\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba(\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282)\u6216\u60c5\u611f\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u53d8\u4f53(\u7b2c5.1\u8282)\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4.2 Love as Bestowal of Value<\/h3>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e0eVelleman\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cSinger(1991\u30011994\u30012009)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e3a\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u8d4b\u4e88\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<strong>\u8d4b\u4e88<\/strong>\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ef7\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u4ed6\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u7231\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e94\u8be5\u533a\u5206\u7231\u548c\u559c\u6b22\uff1a\u201c\u7231\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u559c\u6b22\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u7684(1991\uff0c\u7b2c272\u9875)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u7231\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u6001\u5ea6(\u5982\u611f\u6fc0\u3001\u6177\u6168\u548c\u5c48\u5c0a)\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff1a\u201c\u7231\u2026\u2026\u65e0\u8bba\u7269\u4f53\u4ef7\u503c<strong>\u591a\u5c11<\/strong>\uff0c\u90fd\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u201d(\u7b2c273\u9875)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8f9b\u683c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u5408\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bc1\u660e\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8d4b\u4e88\u67d0\u4eba\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1fSinger\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4f9d\u604b\u548c\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u4ed6\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u5173\u6ce8\u7b49\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u7b49\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8d4b\u4e88\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u5173\u5fc3\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u5e0c\u671b\u4f7f\u5979\u53d7\u76ca\u6216\u4fdd\u62a4\u5979\u3001\u5bf9\u5979\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u611f\u5230\u9ad8\u5174\u201d\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u4f53\u73b0(\u7b2c270\u9875)\u3002\u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u50cf\u5173\u5fc3\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u8d4b\u4e88\u8bba\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ef7\u503c\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684<strong>\u6548\u679c<\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u7231\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6784\u6210\u7231\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u672c\u8eab\uff1a\u5728\u8d4b\u4e88\u6211\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u4ef7\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u8ba9\u4ed6\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u4ee5\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u6765\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u660e\u767d\u6211\u8d4b\u4e88\u67d0\u4eba\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u56de\u5e94\u4ed6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e78\u798f\u4ea7\u751f\u79ef\u6781\u6216\u6d88\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u800c\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u89c9\u53c8\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u548c\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4ed6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8d60\u4e0e(\u4ef7\u503c)\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u770b\u5230\u201d\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u5e76\u5173\u5fc3\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8f9b\u683c\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u7ed9\u4e88\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4f30(appraisal)\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u53ca\u5176\u7531\u6b64\u8d4b\u4e88(bestowed)\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5177\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u76f2\u76ee\u5c48\u670d\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u201d(1991 \u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c 272 \u9875\uff1b\u53e6\u89c1 Singer 1994 \u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c 139 \u9875)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u540e\u7eed\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u8bd1<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u672c\u6587\u8bd1\u81ea\uff1aStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy &emsp;&emsp;\u672c\u6587\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u6216 &#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[333,230],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/979"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=979"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/979\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1553,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/979\/revisions\/1553"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=979"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=979"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=979"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}