{"id":971,"date":"2023-10-04T13:43:53","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T05:43:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/?p=971"},"modified":"2025-10-09T13:55:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T05:55:18","slug":"philointro-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/04\/philointro-02\/","title":{"rendered":"Philointro 02 \u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u672c\u6027"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/div><\/p>\n

  \u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b9e\u5728<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u672c\u6027\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u5934\u5927\u8c61\u6240\u652f\u6491\u7684\u4e00\u53ea\u4e4c\u9f9f\u80cc\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u5766\u5c9b\u5c7f\u3001\u8fd8\u662f\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5305\u88f9\u7684\u65e0\u57a0\u5e7f\u88a4\u3002<\/p>\n

  \u5728\u672c\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u8ba8\u8bba\u5173\u4e8e\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u7136\u540e\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u67d0\u79cd\u4e8b\u7269\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u5b9e<\/code>\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u56de\u987e\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe<\/code>\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u8868\u73b0<\/strong>\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n
  2. \u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u5fc3\u7075\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u4ea6\u6216\u8005\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. \u5728\u8003\u8651\u524d\u8005\u7b2c\u4e8c\u95ee\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u8ba8\u8bba\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14<\/code>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u8eab\u5fc3\u662f\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u8ba8\u8bba\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1<\/code>\u548c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328<\/code>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e3a\u634d\u536b\u552f\u5fc3\u8bba<\/code>\uff08\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u590d\u5174\u3002<\/li>\n
  5. \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8c08\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u4e00\u822c\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1a\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u3001\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u6ce8\uff1a\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u5168\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u6765\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u4e00\u3001\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/h2>\n

      \u5f53\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u9ad8\u6df1\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ece\u5916\u884c\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u5047\u8bbe\u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u7531\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u9707\u52a8\u201c\u5f26\u201d\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ed\u5408\u7684\u73af\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u8868\u660e\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u53ef\u4ee5\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb300\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5f53\u79d1\u5b66\u5e76\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e3b\u5bb0\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u56fe\u666f\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/strong>\u3002\u800c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u6240\u5927\u591a\u6570\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5b87\u5b99<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff1f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8bc9\u8bf8\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u540c\u65f6\u542b\u6709\u4e8c\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5e15\u65af\u5361\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e8c\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684<\/h2>\n

    2.1 \u5b9e\u5728\u8bba<\/h3>\n

      \u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5c31\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f<\/strong>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u52aa\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f1a\u6301\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u8bc6<\/strong>\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u8863\u670d\u3001\u684c\u5b50\u7b49\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u6301\u6709\u66f4\u504f\u5411\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66<\/strong>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u7b49\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u6301\u6709\u66f4\u7cbe\u795e\u6027<\/strong>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u7075\u9b42\u662f\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba<\/strong>\u662f\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u6709\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709<\/strong>\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e16\u754c\u8fd9\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\uff1a\u6240\u6709<\/strong>\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff1a\u6bcf\u6837\u4e1c\u897f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u6240\u662f\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6570\u5b577\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u8d1d\u591a\u82ac\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u4f5c\u4e3a\u97f3\u4e50\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u80cc\u79bb\u4e86\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u672c\u610f\uff0c\u5373\u53d1\u73b0\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6700<\/strong>\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6700<\/strong>\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u865a\u6784\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u548c\u4f60\u6211\u4e00\u6837\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u80cc\u79bb\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5728<\/strong>\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u601d\u8003\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u548c\u6700\u65e0\u53ef\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n

    2.2 \u73b0\u8c61\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u5728<\/h3>\n

      \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u95ee\uff0c\u201c\u949f\u8868\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8d70\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u62c6\u5f00\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5916\u8868\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u60f3\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u5728<\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u201d\u795e\u8bdd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u662f\u795e\u3001\u9b54\u9b3c\u5728\u9a71\u52a8\uff1b\u79d1\u5b66\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7c92\u5b50\u3001\u529b\u3001\u573a\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230<\/strong>\u7684\u3001\u663e\u5f97<\/strong>\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u201d\u56fe\u666f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u201c\u5b9e\u5728\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u533a\u5206\u4e8b\u7269\u663e\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u201d\u5b9e\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

    2.3 \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/h3>\n

      \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66(Metaphysics)\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba<\/strong>\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u600e\u6837\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff1b\u672c\u4f53\u8bba(Ontology)<\/strong>\u662f\u5176\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u7814\u7a76\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u652f\u5219\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e00\u79cd\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u505a\u51fa\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5e76\u6311\u9009\u51fa\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u53ca\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u5bf9\u201c\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u201d\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f<\/strong>\uff0c\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5176\u4f59\u4e8b\u7269\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1b\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u8fd9\u4e8c\u8005\u63a8\u7406\u5f97\u5230\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u662f<\/strong>\uff0c\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u6216\u8005\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bc1\u706d\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u672c\u8eab\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u6216\u8005\u6bc1\u706d\uff1b\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bc1\u6389\u4e00\u5f20\u684c\u5b50\u3001\u6905\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba9\u7ec4\u6210\u5b83\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u51ed\u7a7a\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u662f\u8ffd\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u201d\u7b49\u8bf4\u6cd5\u63d0\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u88ab\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u201c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u201d\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u6784\u6210\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e09\u3001\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/h2>\n

    3.1 \u6cf0\u52d2\u65af<\/h3>\n

      \u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff1a\u6c34<\/strong>\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u5f88\u7eaf\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u7c92\u5b50\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u663e\u5f97\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u6734\u7d20\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u662f\uff0c\u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\u770b\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u597d\u50cf<\/strong>\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e16\u754c*\u5b9e\u9645<\/strong>\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5e94\u5f53\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8d28\u6599\u6240\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7531\u67d0\u79cd\u5355\u4e00\u7269\u8d28\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u67d0\u79cd\u5929\u624d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6c34\u548c\u51b0\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u751f\u6d3b\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be\u8bb8\u591a\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u5c06\u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u201c\u6c34\u201d\u2014\u2014\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u7c92\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u5957\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u4e16\u754c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u548c\u5b83\u672c\u6765\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6b64\u79cd\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u5c31\u5c55\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u9664\u4e86\u6c34\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u65f6\u671f\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\uff1a\u6c34\u3002<\/li>\n
    2. \u963f\u90a3\u514b\u897f\u66fc\u5fb7\uff1a\u201c\u65e0\u5b9a\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n
    3. \u963f\u90a3\u514b\u897f\u7f8e\u5c3c\uff1a\u6c14\u3002<\/li>\n
    4. \u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\uff1a\u706b\u3002<\/li>\n
    5. \u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u91cc\u7279\uff1a\u539f\u5b50\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u65e0\u8bba\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u770b\u6765\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u7684\u201c\u5e7c\u7a1a\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u9648\u65e7\u7684\u3001\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

      3.2 \u5173\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u975e\u7269\u7406\u770b\u6cd5<\/h3>\n

        \u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u51e0\u4f4d\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u7269\u7406<\/strong>\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u6570<\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6570\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4ece\u53e4\u81f3\u4eca\u5360\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u53d8\u5316\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ea\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48<\/strong>\u771f\u5b9e\uff1b\u800c\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5219\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d<\/strong>\u771f\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5927\u591a\u6570\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u89c2\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u5374\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u706b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u706b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u522b\u4e0d\u5b89\u5206\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u65f6\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4ee4\u65e9\u671f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6cae\u4e27\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u53d8\u5316\u672c\u8eab<\/em>\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u9677\u5165\u903b\u8f91\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e24\u6b21\u8e0f\u5165\u540c\u4e00\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b9e\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u76f8\u4fe1\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u539f\u5219\u2014\u2014\u903b\u5404\u65af(Logos)<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u6709\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u81ea\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u5374\u4f1a\u4fdd\u6301\u540c\u4e00\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7531\u5b58\u7cb9\u7269\u7406\u7684<\/strong>\u6216\u7269\u8d28\u7684<\/strong>\u6210\u5206\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u552f\u7269\u8bba(Materialism)<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u4e0e\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6210\u5206\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u3001\u6216\u6570\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u8bba(Immaterialism)<\/strong>\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u552f\u7269\u8bba(Materialism)\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u4e0e\u5176\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u8bba(Idealism)\uff0c\u5219\u662fimmaterialism\u7684\u66f4\u5f3a\u529b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u56db\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u201c\u7406\u5f0f\u201d<\/h2>\n

        \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u540c\u65f6\u91c7\u7eb3materialism\u548cimmaterialism\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u663e\u7136\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u66f4\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7406\u5f0f\u201d(Forms)\u3002Forms\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u63e1\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6d1e\u89c1\uff0c\u5e76\u7aed\u529b\u5728\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u548c\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u4e4b\u540e\u628a\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\u548c\u751f\u6210<\/strong>\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u548c\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f62\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8d28\u6599\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u4e0e\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\uff1b\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e0e\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u663e\u89c1\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u903b\u5404\u65af\u6216\u6700\u7ec8\u539f\u7406\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684forms\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u7684logos\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u7eb8\u4e0a\u753b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u65e0\u8bba\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u53bb\u7cbe\u786e\u5b83\uff0c\u6211\u59cb\u7ec8\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u3002\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff1b\u800c\u4e0e\u6211\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u7684\u3001\u4f7f\u5f97\u6570\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u751f\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684form\uff0c\u5373\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u3001\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684form\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u4f55\u5904\uff1f\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bf4\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8fd9\u4e2aform\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684forms\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u201c\u7406\u5f0f\u201d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u3001\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u66f4\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7531\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u5f0f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u66f4\u5c11<\/strong>\u771f\u5b9e\uff1b\u800c\u540e\u8005\u4e5f\u88ab\u6210\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u628a\u4e00\u5207\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u51ed\u501f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u628a\u751f\u547d\u6d6a\u8d39\u5728\u770b\u7535\u89c6\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5f71\u50cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u65e2\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u6c38\u6052\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684logos\uff1b\u4e5f\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u65e5\u5e38\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u5e76\u975e\u5b9e\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff1b\u540c\u6837\u6709\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u8fd9\u4e00\u63a8\u65ad\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u6301\u4ee5\u4e0a\u51e0\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5c06\u5176\u8054\u7cfb<\/strong>\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u4ed6\u539f\u521b\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u9887\u5177\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u6574\u5408\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u80fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u4e94\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/h2>\n

        \u4f5c\u4e3a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u540c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5e38\u4eba\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e3b\u5f20\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u575a\u6301\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u5b9e\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u629b\u5f03\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u7684\u5904\u7406\u6bd4\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u66f4\u7cbe\u5999\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5219\u8bf4\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f(forms)<\/strong>\u5c31\u5728\u7269\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u8d77\u4e86\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff1a\u5b9e\u4f53(Ousia)<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u522b\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5373\u82b1\u3001\u8349\u3001\u4eba\u3001\u9a6c\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5728\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u5206\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u522b\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u50cf\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9e\u4f53\u5f88\u719f\u6089\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u3002\u53c8\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u719f\u6089\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u624d\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5c06\u5b87\u5b99\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u8fdc\u751f\u957f\u7684\u3001\u5bfb\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n

      \n

        \u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u5f53\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8bf4\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u53bb\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9610\u91ca<\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u9610\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4f1a\u5bfc\u5411\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u522b\u7684\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5e94\u5f53\u4e3a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6216\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u5b87\u5b99\u8d77\u6e90\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u50cf\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6311\u9009\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7531\u8fd9\u51e0\u79cd\u5143\u7d20\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n
      2. \u50cf\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n
      3. \u50cf\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5e38\u8bc6\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u8868\u660e\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u5c1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fe\u666f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ece\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0a\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u52a0\u4ee5\u628a\u63e1\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u516d\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/h2>\n

          \u5173\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7b54\u6848\u5c1a\u672a\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u5fc3\u7075<\/strong>\u6216\u8005\u610f\u8bc6<\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u4e9bidealism\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n

          \u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u2014\u2014\u4e1c\u897f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5230\u624d\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u5426\u8ba4\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u662f\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u7684\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1materialism\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u9887\u6709\u5efa\u6811\uff09\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u601d\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n
        2. \u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n
        3. \u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u552f\u4e00<\/strong>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3001\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u548c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u3002<\/p>\n

          6.1 \u7b1b\u5361\u5c14<\/h3>\n

            \u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5143\u8bba<\/strong>\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u4ed6\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u89e3\u8bf4\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u7269\u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u9996\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u7269\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765<\/code>\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u5f7c\u6b64\u6e17\u900f\uff08\u5c31\u50cf\u5316\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u5305\u542b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u4f5c\u7528\uff09\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u6709\u65f6\u5c31\u6301\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u786e\u5b9e\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u660e\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u7269\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u628a\u7cbe\u795e\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff08\u6216\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u65e0\u5e7f\u5ef6\u7684<\/strong>\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5219\u662f\u6709\u5e7f\u5ef6\u7684<\/strong>\uff09\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u7269\u4f53\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c31\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u4e8c\u8005\u5408\u4e8c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e86\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8c\u8005\u53d1\u751f\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4ece\u672a\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u7269\u4f53\u5e76\u975e\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/li>\n
          2. \u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n

            6.2 \u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e<\/h3>\n

              \u7531\u4e8e\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u8bf4\u7684\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong>\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u7269\u4f53\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e8c\u8005\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e86\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\u50cf\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u8fd9\u79cd\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u552f\u4e00\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u5143\u8bba<\/strong>\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u620f\u5267\u6027\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u7269\u4f53\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u533a\u5206\u6210\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2a\u4f53\u662f\u6b66\u65ad\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u65b9\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7b\u89c9\uff1b\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u90fd\u88ab\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u5b8c\u5168\u51b3\u5b9a<\/strong>\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

            6.3 \u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328<\/h3>\n

              \u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u4e2a\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u800c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a\u597d\u7684\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff1b\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u5173\u4e8e\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5b50\u90fd\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5355\u5b50\u7684\u663e\u73b0\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5355\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u597d\u50cf\u90fd\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e8b\u5148\u5b89\u6392\u597d\u4e86\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u773c\u5149\u548c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5f71\u50cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u597d\u50cf\u5728\u6ce8\u89c6\u7740\u5f7c\u6b64\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u672a\u76f8\u4e92\u6ce8\u89c6\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u773c\u5149\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5355\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7531\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u201c\u5148\u5b9a\u548c\u8c10\u201d\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u4e03\u3001Idealism<\/h2>\n

              Idealism\u8ba4\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ea\u6709\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u7269\u8d28\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u6570\u3001\u89c2\u5ff5\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u6301\u4e00\u79cdSubjective Idealism<\/strong>\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u5757\u77f3\u5934\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff08\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5fc3\u7075\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u89c2\u5ff5\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u5fc3\u7075\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u5fc3\u7075\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u9650\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u5fc3\u7075\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u9884\u8bbe\u201d\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u5fc3\u7075\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u5fc3\u7075\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u65e0\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\uff09\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u8fd9\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u7684idealism\u53ef\u80fd\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7275\u5f3a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u968f\u968f\u4fbf\u4fbf\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba4\u771f\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u5927\u91cf\u96be\u4ee5\u53cd\u9a73\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cidealism\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u5982\u4e0b\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u53ea\u80fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u5916\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u201d\u7269\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\uff1bidealism\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u672c\u6027\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u8fdb\u884c\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u7684\u9020\u7269\u5c31\u662f\u601d\u60f3\uff1bidealism\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684forms\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u7684form\u5177\u6709\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002Idealism\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8352\u8bde\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u65f6\u5b83\u8fdd\u80cc\u5e38\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5374\u6b63\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5e38\u8bc6\u66f4\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u800c\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002idealist\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u4fe1\u5ca9\u77f3\u662f\u771f\u7684\u3001\u5929\u7a7a\u662f\u84dd\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662fidealism\u7684\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a<\/strong>\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u63a8\u7406\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u81ea\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u5b9e\u5728\u6700\u7ec8\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u611f\u5b98\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u7406\u6027\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4f46idealism\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u548c\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u63f4\u5f15\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a8\u8bba\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u7b26\u5408\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u611f\u60c5\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5fb7\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u552f\u5fc3\u8bba\u7684\u51e0\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u53d4\u672c\u534e\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3002<\/p>\n

            \n

              \u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u524d\u63d0\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/em>\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5374\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u5403\u60ca\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u7684\u8303\u7574\u6784\u5efa<\/strong>\u7684\u3002\u79bb\u5f00\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fd9\u56de\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u672c\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u6b64\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u60f3\u8c61\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6784\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u67d0\u4e9b\u5148\u5929\u7684\uff08\u666e\u904d\u5fc5\u7136\uff09\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7a7a\u95f4\u5fc5\u987b<\/strong>\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u7f16\u6392\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfb\u76d8\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u6ca1\u6709\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u7f16\u6392\u81ea\u52a8\u8f93\u5165<\/em>\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u6240\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5fc5\u7136\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u7acb\u6cd5<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u90a3\u6837\u53ea\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u5728\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\u91cc\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u88ab\u6784\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u2014\u2014\u6765\u611f\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\uff1b\u5f53\u65f6\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u60c5\u51b5\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5b97\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u5c31\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u4e00\u4e2a\u533b\u751f\u6216\u8005\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u808c\u8089\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u548c\u9aa8\u9abc\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u4e86\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ed9\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u884c\u52a8<\/strong>\u6216\u505a<\/strong>\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u795e\u7ecf\u6216\u8005\u808c\u8089\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u53ea\u662f\u5c55\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u3001\u9075\u5b88\u67d0\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u3001\u8fbe\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff09<\/code>\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/li>\n
            • \u884c\u52a8\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/code>\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u539f\u5219\uff08\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u6211\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4e0d\u673d\u7075\u9b42\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              \n

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                \u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u6301\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cdidealism\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u770b\u6210\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u662f\u201c\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u505a\u51fa\u9650\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7559\u51fa\u5730\u76d8\u201d\u3002\u53d4\u672c\u534e\u7528idealism\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7070\u6697\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u91cc\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u90fd\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u800c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5219\u518d\u6b21\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u56fe\u666f\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u8c03\u548c\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

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              \u516b\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8bba<\/h2>\n

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