{"id":702,"date":"2022-02-04T03:57:27","date_gmt":"2022-02-03T19:57:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/?p=702"},"modified":"2025-10-09T13:55:35","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T05:55:35","slug":"existentialism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/04\/existentialism\/","title":{"rendered":"\u751f\u5b58\u8bba"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><center>\u672c\u6587\u8bd1\u81ea\uff1a<a href = \"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/existentialism\/\">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/a><\/center><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><center>\u672c\u6587\u9009\u8bd1\u90e8\u5206<\/center><\/em><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><div class=\"has-toc have-toc\"><\/div><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e0e\u201c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4fbf\u4e8e\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u8ba9-\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8428\u7279\uff08Jean-Paul Sartre\uff09\u660e\u786e\u91c7\u7528\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u6211\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f20\u64ad\u8428\u7279\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u897f\u8499\u5a1c\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6ce2\u4f0f\u5a03\u3001\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u6885\u6d1b-\u5e9e\u8482\u548c\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u52a0\u7f2a\uff09\u7684\u6218\u540e\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u4e3a1940 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 1950 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u52a0\u7f2a\u548c\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u2014\u2014\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\uff09\u6709\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u3001\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u548c\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u5e03\u4f2f\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u8ba9\u00b7\u74e6\u5c14\u548c\u52a0\u5e03\u91cc\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u585e\u5c14\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u4f55\u585e\u00b7\u5965\u5c14\u7279\u52a0\u00b7\u52a0\u585e\u7279\u548c\u7c73\u683c\u5c14\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u4e4c\u7eb3\u7a46\u8bfa \u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u522b\u5c14\u5609\u8036\u592b\u548c\u5217\u592b\u820d\u65af\u6258\u592b\u300219 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7d22\u4f26\u00b7\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14 (S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard) \u548c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5c3c\u91c7 (Friedrich Nietzsche) \u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8fd9\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4ece\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e86\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u6709\u771f\u7406\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u7531\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5fc3\u667a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8eab\u4f53\u201d\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u8005\uff08dualist \uff09\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u7269\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08physicalist\uff09\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7269\u7406\u6210\u5206\u6765\u5145\u5206\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8303\u7574\uff08\u8bf8\u5982\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u529b\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u52a8\u673a\u7b49\u8303\u7574\uff09\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u58f0\u79f0\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u62fc\u51d1\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u8bf8\u5982\u610f\u56fe\u3001\u8d23\u5907\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u6027\u683c\u3001\u4e49\u52a1\u3001\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7b49\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u786e\u5b9e\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u7ef4\uff08\u53d7\u5584\u548c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6240\u652f\u914d\uff09\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u7ef4\uff08\u53d7\u771f\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u652f\u914d\uff09\u8db3\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u672c\u771f\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\uff08norm of authenticity\uff09\u652f\u914d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u63e1\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5904\u7406\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9690\u85cf\u4e86\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u201cheart\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6297\u8bae\u5b66\u672f\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u53cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u654f\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u9003\u907f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u201c\u94c1\u7b3c\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u786e\u5b9e\u4ee5\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u548c\u7d27\u8feb\u611f\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u5ba2\u89c2\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65e0\u79c1\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u540c\u6837\u6b63\u786e\u6240\u6709\u666e\u904d\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u2014\u2014\u6050\u60e7\u3001\u65e0\u804a\u3001\u5f02\u5316\u3001\u8352\u8bde\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u627f\u8bfa\u3001\u865a\u65e0\u7b49\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e00\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u8d77\u6e90<\/h2>\n<p><strong>The Emergence of Existence as a Philosophical Problem<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8428\u7279\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u7075\u611f\u3002\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14 1927 \u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u300b\uff08Being and Time\uff09\u662f\u5bf9\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u662f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u201d\uff08\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u6b64\u5728\u201d(Da-sein)\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff09\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u6216\u201c\u60c5\u5883\u201d\u7279\u5f81\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u5bf9\u7126\u8651\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3001\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u548c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9608\u9650\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8ff7\u604b\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u62d2\u7edd\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91ca\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u6846\u67b6\uff1b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u201c\u672c\u771f\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u627f\u8bfa\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4e49\u9879\u76ee\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728 1946 \u5e74\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u4f1a\u5426\u8ba4\u4ed6\u65e9\u671f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u8ffd\u6eaf\u6807\u7b7e\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u8868\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6b63\u5982\u8428\u7279\u548c\u6885\u6d1b-\u5e9e\u8482\u540e\u6765\u6240\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5229\u7528\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u00b7\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u548c\u9a6c\u585e\u5c14\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u9057\u4ea7\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7248\u672c\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u5173\u3002\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u5934\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u65e8\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4ed6\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u610f\u5411\u6027\u7684\u201c\u5148\u9a8c\u201d\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u5c06\u67d0\u7269\u5f53\u4f5c\u67d0\u7269\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6b22\u8fce\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u610f\u5411\u6027\u5b66\u8bf4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u53ea\u4e0e\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u3001\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u611f\u89c9\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u6839\u636e\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u53d7\u7c7b\u522b\uff08\u89c4\u8303\uff09\u800c\u975e\u56e0\u679c\u652f\u914d\u7684\u5f00\u653e\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u610f\u5411\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8303\u7574\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u65e2\u4e0d\u63a2\u7d22\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u63a2\u7d22\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u4e8b\u7269\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u6784\u6210\u201d\u3002\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u9610\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u672a\u80fd\u63d0\u51fa\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5728\u5c06\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8f6c\u5411\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u575a\u6301\u8981\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5b83\u8d77\u521d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u672f\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u751f\u6d3b\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70bd\u70ed\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff1a\u5b83\u5bf9\u6211\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u95ee\u9898\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6e05\u695a\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a2\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u9898\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u663e\u7740\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u9057\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d28\u7591\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8303\u7574\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff1a\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u88c5\u9970\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6216\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u8bef\u89e3\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c \u201c\u5728\u4e16\u201d\uff08Being-in-the-World\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u5bf9\u652f\u914d\u5728\u4e16\u7684\u8303\u7574\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u4e0d\u60c5\u613f\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u7236\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e24\u4f4d\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u3001\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u65f6\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e0d\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7d22\u4f26\u00b7\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14 (S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard) \u548c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5c3c\u91c7 (Friedrich Nietzsche) \u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u7075\u611f\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u53cd\u8bbd\u3001\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u3001\u5e15\u65af\u5361\u6216\u8c22\u6797\uff09\u627e\u5230\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u548c\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.1 \u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\uff1a\u5355\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f53<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Kierkegaard: \u201cThe Single Individual\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u5728\u4ed6\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u6b7b\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u5982\u8428\u7279\u548c\u6ce2\u4f0f\u5a03\u2014\u2014\u5728\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0a\u662f\u575a\u51b3\u7684\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5982\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u3001\u9a6c\u585e\u5c14\u548c\u5e03\u4f2f\u2014\u2014\u5219\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd.\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5c3c\u91c7\u548c\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5bf9\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5355\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f53\u201d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5947\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u6700\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u201c\u6211\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u5730\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u5947\u70b9\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66\u4ecd\u7136\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u9075\u5faa\u65e0\u8bef\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u6216\u5426\u5219\u7b26\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u6027\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u5728\u4e24\u8005\u4e2d\u90fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u6027\uff08singularity\uff09\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u6211\u9075\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e8\u610f\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4f7f\u6211\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff1f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u5c06\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u89c6\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300aFear and Trembling\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u6211\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\uff08immediate\uff1b\u81ea\u7136\uff0cnatural\uff09\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u503e\u5411\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4e0b\u800c\u201c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u666e\u904d\u6027\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6211\u7684\u201c\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u6216\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u53d7\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u652f\u914d\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7b26\u5408\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u666e\u904d\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u610f\u4e49\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u9075\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u50cf\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u727a\u7272\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u5462\uff1f\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u662f\u6781\u5176\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff08\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u514b\u670d\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u4f26\u7406\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u76f4\u63a5\u6b32\u671b\u6216\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u62bd\u52a8\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u505a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf1\u4eba\u503e\u5411\uff09\u548c\u90a3\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ee5\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u8c34\u8d23\u5b83\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1b\u5b83\u9488\u5bf9\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u201c\u4e2a\u4f53\u9ad8\u4e8e\u666e\u904d\u201d\u7684\u201c\u6096\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e2\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u53c8\u4e0d\u53d7\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u652f\u914d\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u53d7\u4ec0\u4e48\u6807\u51c6\u652f\u914d\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9664\u975e\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8c08\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u662f\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5947\u5f02\u6027\uff08singularity \uff09\u672c\u8eab\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300aConcluding Unscientific Postscript\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u771f\u7406\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u9884\u793a\u7740\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u542c\u5230\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u81ea\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5728\u300aReligion Within the Limits of Reason Alone\u300b\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u4ed6\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5c31\u662f\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u8bb2\u662f\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u98de\u8dc3\u201d\uff08leap\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u91cc\u8981\u8bf4\u771f\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u4ed6\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002 \u201c\u4e3b\u89c2\u5730\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u5c06\u6096\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\u6765\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u5f88\u8352\u8c2c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u6587\u672c\u89e3\u7ecf\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u6279\u8bc4\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7b56\u7565\u6765\u5bfb\u6c42\u6446\u8131\u5b83\u3002\u6211\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u65e0\u6d4e\u4e8e\u4e8b\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u632a\u7528\u662f\u6211\u7684\u201c\u5185\u5728\u201d\u6216\u6fc0\u60c5\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u5730\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u7684\u6211\u3002\u8bf4\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u662f\u771f\u7406\u5c31\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u771f\u7406\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u662f\u6211\u5728\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5185\u5728\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u4e2d\u91c7\u7528\u6216\u5236\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff09\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff08\u201c\u6fc0\u60c5\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e0e\u8fd9\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u4e4b\u5904\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u7ad9\u5728\u4eba\u7fa4\uff08crowd\uff09\u4e2d\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u7fa4\u662f\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u201d\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7fa4\u662f\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u4ee3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1b\u666e\u901a\u548c\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u505a\u4e8b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u81ea\u6ee1\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u6765\u81ea\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u4ece\u4f17\u2014\u2014\u5728\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u773c\u4e2d\u8c34\u8d23\u5b83\u201c\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u662f\u5b83\u6f5c\u5165\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u5979\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u51cf\u8f7b\u4e86\u5979\uff08her\uff09\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u201c\u6210\u4e3a\u201d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8ba4\u8bc6\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u7b54\u90a3\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u88ab\u786e\u7acb\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u5176\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e2d\u88ab\u201c\u70ed\u60c5\u5730\u201d\u5360\u7528\u3002 \u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u603b\u662f\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u771f\u7406\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u58eb\u6c14\u5b9a\u4e49\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5ba2\u89c2\u79d1\u5b66\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u4efb\u52a1\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.2 \u5c3c\u91c7\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Nietzsche and Nihilism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u5728\u601d\u8003\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002 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19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u516c\u5171\u5316\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u5316\u7684\u201c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u201d\u4e2d\u7efd\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u660e\u767d\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4ed6\u91cd\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u91ca\u653e\u5176\u4e2d\u80af\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c3c\u91c7\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u4e3b\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u670d\u4ece\uff09\u548c\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u5584\u6076\u201d\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8c08\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3001\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u5584\u6076\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4efb\u610f\u548c\u51b2\u52a8\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u65e0\u6cd5\u65e0\u5929\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u53ef\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8861\u91cf\u6210\u529f\u6216\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u5728\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u3001\u201c\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5730\u7403\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4ed6\u6700\u5177\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u7684\u6307\u793a\u6765\u81ea\u7f8e\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u300a\u540c\u6027\u604b\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\u6240\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u5947\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u8bf4\u4e00\u4ef6\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u5177\u6709\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u63f4\u5f15\u4e00\u79cd\u8bc4\u5224\u5b83\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u52a0\u4ee5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u54c1\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u5947\u602a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c3c\u91c7\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u6709\u8d85\u7136\u652f\u6301\u90fd\u5df2\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3001\u52a8\u529b\u548c\u6fc0\u60c5\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\uff1b\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u611f\u6027\u3001\u4e00\u79cd\u652f\u914d\u6027\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u4fee\u526a\u548c\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u672c\u80fd\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u6574\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4ec0\u4e48\u9002\u5408\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c5e\u4e8e\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5408\u9002\u7684\u975e\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u5ba1\u7f8e\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6b63\u5982\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u6240\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5c3c\u91c7\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6211\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u548c\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u666e\u904d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5219\u6765\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6211\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6e05\u5355\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u3002 \u662f\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u548c\u5c3c\u91c7\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u3002 \u8fd9\u5c06\u7559\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u201cExistence Precedes Essence\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8428\u7279\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ed9\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u3001\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u85c9\u7531\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u201c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u5efa\uff08self-making-in-a-situation\uff09\u201d(Fackenheim 1961: 37)\uff0cWebber(2018: 14)\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u53e4\u5178\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u2026\u2026\u5b58\u5728\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002\u201c\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5929\u751f\u5c31\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e4b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6e90\u6cc9\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u4f53\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u6027\u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u662f<strong>\u54ea\u79cd<\/strong>\u5b9e\u4f53\uff1b\u800c\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u4f5c\u6240\u4e3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6839\u672c\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u6587\u5316\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u6784\u6210\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7406\u89e3\u5173\u952e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\uff08\u9879\u76ee\uff09\u3001\u5f02\u5316\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u8c08\u8bba\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u672c\u8d28\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\uff0c\u5c06\u524d\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\uff08instantiation \uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u201c\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u6307\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u662f<strong>\u4ec0\u4e48<\/strong>\uff0c\u548c\u5b83<strong>\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/strong>\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u3001\u53ef\u601d\u60f3\u6027\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u672c\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6216\u8005\u795e\u9020\u7269\uff08imago Dei\uff09\u2014\u2014\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u90fd\u5f00\u51fa\u4e86\u5904\u65b9\u3002\u62e5\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u8fd9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u65e0\u9650\u3001\u8ff7\u5bab\u822c\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u56fe\u666f\u65f6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u573a\u6240\u201d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53cd\u601d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u6211\u5728(I am)\u201d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u65e7\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8868\u5f81\uff08characterizing\uff09\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u5219\u662f\u201c\u6211\u601d\uff08Thinking\uff09\u201d\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u201d \u662f \u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53bb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u201d\uff08\u201cI\u201d am \u201can entity whose what [essence] is precisely to be and nothing but to be\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5b9e\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc9\u8bf8\u9884\u5148\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4ea6\u6216\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.1 \u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u4e0e\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Facticity and Transcendence<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u90a3\u53e5\u8bdd<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/existentialism\/notes.html#note-7\" title=\"7\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >7<\/a><\/sup>\u5df2\u7ecf\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u786e\u5b9e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u4e86\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u4f46\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08manner of such instantiation\uff09\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cavailable\u201d\uff08or \u201cready-to-hand,\u201d zuhanden\uff09\uff0c\u4e0a\u624b\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u975e\u5e38\u987a\u624b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u597d\u50cf\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f60\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u5f97\u5fc3\u5e94\u624b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u300c\u4e0a\u624b\u6027\u300d\u3002<br \/>\n\u201coccurrent\u201d\uff08or \u201cpresent-at-hand,\u201d vorhanden\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u624b\u6027\uff0c\u73b0\u524d\u5728\u624b\u3002\u5176\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u5728\u624b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5374\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5f97\u5fc3\u5e94\u624b\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u5176\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u8fbe\u6210\u7269\u6211\u4ea4\u878d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u300c\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u662f\u975e\u900f\u660e\u7684\uff08\u5b58\u5728\u4e14\u4ea7\u751f\u963b\u788d\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u88ab\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u73b0\u6210\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0a\u624b\uff08available\uff09\u6216\u5728\u624b(occurrent)\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u67d0\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u5c5e\u6027\u771f\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\uff08predicated\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u8c13\u8bcd\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u51b3\u5b9awhat it is for me to be a human being\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u6211\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u7c97\u66b4\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u662f\u8c01\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u5982\u4f55<em>\u770b\u5f85<\/em>\uff08make of\uff09\u6211\u7684\u201c\u5c5e\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u624b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u64cd\u5fc3\u3001\u7275\u6302\uff08\u201ccare\u201d\uff09\uff1ato exist is not simply to be, but to be an issue for oneself\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6b21\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5408\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u6765\u601d\u8003\uff1a\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08substance\uff09\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08event\uff09\u3001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08process\uff09\u3002Existence\u4e2d\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff08distinction\uff09\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u201d\uff08facticity\uff09\u548c\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u201d\uff08transcendence\uff09\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u4e2d\u6355\u6349\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u522b\u3002To be\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7edf\u7b79\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u8c01\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08manner\uff09\u7edf\u7b79\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5904\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u662f\u8c01\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6211\u53bb\u6210\u4e3a\u8c01\u201d\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff08what I am cannot be separated from what I take myself to be\uff09\u3002\u7528\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u6cf0\u52d2\uff08Charles Taylor\uff09\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u60f3\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u9610\u660e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u548c\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5192\u7740\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u5316\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7406\u8bba\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u5b9e\u8df5\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\uff08agent\uff09\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\uff08\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0cfacticity\uff09\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u8c03\u67e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\u8eab\u9ad8\u3001\u4f53\u91cd\u548c\u80a4\u8272\u7b49\u81ea\u7136\u5c5e\u6027\uff1b\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\uff1b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u6027\u683c\u7b49\u5fc3\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\uff1b\u6211\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u80cc\u666f\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b9e\u65f6\uff1b\u5982\u6b64\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6211\u539f\u672c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u6211\u7684\u5fc3\u5883\uff08moods\uff09\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6211<em>\u53ef\u4ee5(can)<\/em>\u5bf9\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u91c7\u53d6\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u6216\u5ba2\u89c2\u5316\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6211\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u6216\u51b3\u5b9a\u6211\u662f\u8c01\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u770b\u6765\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6000\u7591\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u771f\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u800c\u662f<em>\u6211<\/em>\u4e0d\u7531\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6216\u8005\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u82f9\u679c\u7684\u989c\u8272\u5c5e\u4e8e\u82f9\u679c\u4e00\u6837\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u6216\u51b3\u5b9a\u6211\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531<em>\u6211<\/em>\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u88ab\u80a4\u8272\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a<em>\u6211<\/em>\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u6211\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7279\u5f81\u6297\u8861\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u662f\u6211\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4e8c\u91cd\u6027\uff08facticity is both mine and merely a matter of fact\uff09\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u6211\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u662f\u7531\u6211\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5c31\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\uff08transcendence\uff09\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u662f\u6307\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9<strong>\u6211\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e2d\u5b9e\u8df5\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7279\u5f81<\/strong>\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\u4ee5\u624b\u5934\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u6216\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u8003\u89d2\u5ea6\uff08orientation\uff09\u5e76\u4e0d\u628a\u81ea\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\uff08theme\uff09\u800c\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u6c89\u6ca6\u5728\u64cd\u52b3\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5c55\u793a\uff08present\uff09\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u51b7\u6f20\u7684\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff1a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u3001\u6743\u5b9c\u7684\u3001\u963b\u788d\u7684\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201ctranscendence\u201d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u201cgoes beyond\u201d\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5305\u542b\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\u7279\u6027\u5728\u5185\u2014\u2014\u603b\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4f7f\u4e4b\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u533f\u540d\u529b\u91cf\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u5bfc\uff1b\u8bf4\u4eba\u8bdd\u5c31\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u3001\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u4e00\u7c7b\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\u7684<strong>\u9009\u62e9<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u51b3\u5b9a<\/strong><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/existentialism\/notes.html#note-10\" title=\"10\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >10<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u7684\u7b14\u58a8\u7528\u5b8c\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6211\u5199\u5b8c\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5e72\u4e86\u522b\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u5982\u4f55\u65bd\u52a0\u6211\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5230\u8fd9\u652f\u7b14\u4e0a\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\u813e\u6c14\u66b4\u8e81\u3001\u61d2\u60f0\u6216\u662f\u5e03\u5c14\u4e54\u4e9a\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff08\u79ef\u6781\u6216\u6d88\u6781\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u6211\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u652f\u6301\u8fd8\u662f\u6291\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7528\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u53c2\u4e0e\u80fd\u52a8\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u4e89\u8bba\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5b9e\u5728deliberation\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u7ffb\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4e00\u65f6\u51b2\u52a8\u6254\u6389\u4e00\u652f\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u7b14\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u52a8\u4f5c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u5185\u542b\u6cae\u4e27\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u65e0\u7528\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u6211\u7684\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u800c\u611f\u5230\u6cae\u4e27\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bdd\u672f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u68c0\u67e5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u80fd\u52a8\u89c2\uff0c\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u6784\u60f3\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u4e0b\u4efb\u4f55\u73b0\u6210\uff08available\uff09\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u575a\u6301\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u548c\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\u540c\u4e00\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u201c\u6211\u201d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u67d0\u4eba\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\uff08\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\uff09\u66f4\u6709\u6743\u5a01<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/existentialism\/notes.html#note-11\" title=\"11\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >11<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u548c\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u6240\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0cself\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f0f\u7684ego\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e16\u5b58\u5728\uff08being-in-the-world\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u821e\u53f0\u4e2d\u81ea\u6211\u6784\u6210\uff08a self-making in situation\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u8fc7\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u8bf4\u7684<em>\u6211\u7684\u201cproject\u201d<\/em>\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u88ab\u63ed\u793a\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff1b\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9bprojects\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6216\u201c\u60c5\u5883\u5316\uff08situation\uff09\u201d\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u524d\u6784\u6210\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u6216\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u667a\u529b\u89d2\u8272\uff08character\uff09\u2014\u2014\u6211\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5d4c\u5165\uff08embedded\uff09\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u5e76\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff08representation\uff09\u5d4c\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684project\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684<em>\u6211\u662f\u8c01<\/em>\uff08\u4e0e\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u7684deliberation\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0d\u540c\uff09\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u63ed\u793a\u4e86<em>\u6211\u662f\u8c01<\/em>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u63a2\u8ba8\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u900f\u660e\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\uff08\u9009\u62e9\uff09\u5fc5\u7136\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u63ed\u793a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u201c\u8eab\u4efd\uff08identity\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u901a\u8bf4\u8428\u7279\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\uff08existential psychoanalysis\uff09\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u6784\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u6c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e2a\u4eba\u4efb\u4f55\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u201cfundamental project\u201d\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u59a5\u534f\uff1a\u50cf\u540e\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4eba\u5ba2\u89c2\u5316\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u89c6\u91ce\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u89c6\u4e3a\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u5185\u90e8\u7406\u89e3\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u56f0\u6270\u5b83\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u610f\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u60f0\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u673a\u5236\uff08inert psychic mechanisms\uff09\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.2 \u5f02\u5316<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Alienation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;Self-in-situation\u7684\u53cd\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u89c2\u70b9\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u719f\u6089\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u9898\u2014\u2014\u201calienated\u201d self\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9694\u9602\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u7684project\u83b7\u5f97\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u7684project\u4ea7\u751f\uff1b\u4e16\u754c\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u5b8c\u5168\u964c\u751f\uff08alien\uff09\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5373unheimlich\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\uff08uncanny\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u8bcd\u7684\u8bcd\u5e72\uff08hemi\uff0c\u201c\u5bb6\u201d\uff09\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u964c\u751f\u611f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/04\/existentialism\/#toc-head-10\" title=\"\u53c2\u80033.2\">\u53c2\u80033.2<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u62e5\u6709\u6709\u5e8f\u573a\u6240\u7684\u53e4\u8001<em>\u5b87\u5b99<\/em>\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f53\u80b2\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u63ed\u793a\u8005\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684project\u4e2d\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<em>\u6211\u662f\u8c01<\/em>\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684project\u7684function\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u201cbeing-for-others\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8428\u7279\u5728\u4ed6\u5bf9\u201cthe Look\u201d\u7684\u8457\u540d\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f02\u5316\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4e0d\u5047\u601d\u7d22\u5730\u4ece\u4e8b\u67d0\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5b83\u6839\u636e\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u6784\u6210\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u663e\u8457\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u6211\u5168\u795e\u8d2f\u6ce8\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u89c9\u5f97\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u6765\u8bf4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5916\u5728\u201d\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u88ab\u6ce8\u89c6\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u88ab\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u5165\u4fb5\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5979\u7684projects\u7684\u4e00\u4e2aproject\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u5230\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u672c\u6027\uff08nature\uff09\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6027\u683c\uff08character\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5b58\u5728\u6216\u5728\u505a<em>\u67d0\u4e8b<\/em>\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u900f\u8fc7\u94a5\u5319\u5b54\u6765\u770b\uff1b\u6211\u662f\u4e2a<em>\u5077\u7aa5\u72c2\uff08voyeur\uff09<\/em>\u3002\u6211\u6700\u521d\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u4f53\u9a8c\uff08experience\uff09\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5077\u7aa5\u72c2\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u624d\u80fd\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u5ba1\u89c6\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5355\u7740\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86<em>\u6211\u4e0e\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f02\u5316<\/em>\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1a\u5ba2\u89c2\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6211\u662f\u8c01\u6700\u521d\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u4ed6\u4eba\u63ed\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/04\/existentialism\/#toc-head-13\" title=\"\u53c2\u8003\u8428\u7279\u90e8\u5206\">\u53c2\u8003\u8428\u7279\u90e8\u5206<\/a>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4project\uff0c\u591a\u4e8f\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u6211\u5448\u73b0\uff0cproject\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53d7\u5230\u6211\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9a71\u4f7f\u3002Though it is \u201cme,\u201d it is not me \u201cas my own.\u201d\u6211\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4e0e\u6211\u7684\u672c\u771f\u6027\u758f\u8fdc\u4e86\u3002\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u53cd\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684self\u7531\u5b9e\u8df5\u5b9a\u4e49\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u2014\u2014self\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u662f\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5728\u4ece\u4e8b\u540c\u6837\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4eba\uff08das Man\uff09\u96be\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u3002Such a \u201cthey-self\u201d does what \u201cone\u201d does. \u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4e8b\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u9524\u5b50\u3001\u7f8e\u5143\u949e\u7968\u6216\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8df5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\u5e26\u6709\u89c4\u8303\uff08norm\uff09\u3001\u6ee1\u8db3\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff08Wittgenstein\uff09\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u89c4\u5219\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5f53\u6211\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e00\u9879\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u4eba\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4e92\u6362\u7684\uff1a\u6211\u5403\u996d\u540c\u4ed6\u4eba\u5403\u996d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u5f00\u8f66\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5f00\u8f66\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u6297\u8bae\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u6297\u8bae\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u8be5\u6d3b\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u504f\u5dee\u624d\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u76ca\u7684\uff09\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u504f\u5dee\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u5219\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/existentialism\/notes.html#note-13\" title=\"13\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\" >13<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u662f\u8c01\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5b58\u5728\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u8c01\u201d\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u5747\u503c\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u8be5\u5747\u503c\u53d6\u81ea\u4e8e\u6211\u6240\u5728\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u6210\u7684\uff08available\uff09\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u6211\u201d\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u201c\u533f\u540d\u7684\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u201d\uff1b\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<em>\u4e0d<\/em>\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.3 \u672c\u771f<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Authenticity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u601d\u8003\u6211\u4eec\u52aa\u529b\u5730\u201c\u53bb\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3001\u6211\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8b\u7269\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9524\u5b50\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9524\u5b50<em>\u5e94\u6709<\/em>\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u597d\u9524\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u601d\u8003\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u4eba<em>\u5e94\u6709<\/em>\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u6765\u601d\u8003\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201d\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u201d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u529f\u6216\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u672c\u771f\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684Eigentlichkeit\u2014\u2014\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6211\u5c06\u6211\u7684projects\u7684\u906d\u9047\u5f53\u4f5c\u662f\u6211\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\uff08eigen\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8651\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6765\u5f97\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u4fe1\u5b88\u627f\u8bfa\u3001\u606a\u5c3d\u804c\u5b88\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4fdd\u7559\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u804c\u8d23\uff08duty\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u5982\u6b64\uff08\u4f9d\u636e\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u804c\u8d23\u800c\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u4f46\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u8981\u505a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c65\u884c\u6211\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u800c\u4fe1\u5b88\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u672c\u771f\u7684\uff08inauthentic\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u505a\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u505a\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c65\u884c\u6211\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u800c\u4fe1\u5b88\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f<em>\u672c\u771f\u7684<\/em>\u2014\u2014\u6211\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e8b\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u88c1\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6211\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e14\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6027\u683c\u2014\u2014\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff08virtue ethics\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5584\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u505a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e76\u672a\u8d85\u51fa\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8303\u56f4\uff1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u683c\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u201c\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u201d\u503e\u5411\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u60c5\u611f\u89c9\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u671f\u671b\u4ee5\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6027\u683c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6211\u7684<em>\u9009\u62e9<\/em>\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684<em>\u627f\u8bfa<\/em>\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff08\u524d\u8005\u662f\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u9009\u62e9\uff09\u6211\u90fd\u505a\u5f97\u5f88\u597d\uff08being good\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u540e\u8005\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\uff08being myself\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u771f\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u5904\u5883\u7684\u201c\u900f\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9<em>\u6211\u662f\u8c01<\/em>\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8ddf\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u6211\u4ece\u5f02\u5316\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u4ece\u6211\u5bf9\u533f\u540d\u7684\u201c\u6211\u201d\uff08one-self\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u65e5\u5e38\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u771f\u6027\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u5148\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b49\u5f85\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u627f\u8bfa\uff08\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u201c\u6210\u4e3a\u201d\u5b83\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\uff09\u7684project\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5360\u636e\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u975e\u672c\u771f\u6027\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u51fa\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u672c\u771f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u5728\u4e8e\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u53bb\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\uff08to be a self\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff08author\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u975e\u672c\u771f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u6211\u8ba9\u6211\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u88ab\u4e16\u754c\u652f\u914d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5374\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u5ed3\u5c14\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u5510\u749c\uff08Don Juan\uff09\u90a3\u6837\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u591a\u59ff\u591a\u5f69\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u53d9\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u672c\u771f\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u5ed3\u5c14\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9a91\u58eb\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u8c01\u662f\u672c\u771f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u672c\u771f\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u5851\u9020\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u6211\u662f\u5426\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6216\u8005<strong>\u6211\u662f\u8c01<\/strong>\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6211\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\uff08function\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u771f\u6027\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u201c\u575a\u51b3\u201d\uff08resolutely\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u627f\u8bfa\u81ea\u5df1\u91c7\u53d6\u67d0\u79cd\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u9488\u3001\u67d0\u79cd\u5728\u4e16\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u6240\u5c5e\u89d2\u8272\u6240\u8981\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u975e\u672c\u771f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5219\u662f<em>\u53ea\u662f\u626e\u6f14<\/em>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u679c\u65ad\u7684\uff08irresoutely\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u4ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u4ee5\u672c\u771f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7236\u4eb2\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u6211\u6210\u4e3a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u505a\u7236\u4eb2\u7684<strong>\u610f\u4e49<\/strong>\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u660e\u786e\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u6027\uff08singularity\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u7acb\u573a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u672c\u771f\u6027\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u771f\u4e0d\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u7684project\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u672c\u771f\u6027\u652f\u914d\u7740\u6211\u53c2\u4e0eproject\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201cmy own\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201cwhat one does\u201d\u3001\u900f\u660e\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u672c\u771f\u6027\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u672c\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e09\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Freedom and Value<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u89c4\u8303\u4f26\u7406\uff08normative ethics\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u5c55\u592a\u591a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684<em>\u5728\u60c5\u5883\uff08situation\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\uff08self-making\uff09<\/em>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5e38\u89c4\u6027\uff08conventionality\uff09\u6216\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u6027\uff08groundlessness\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u51b7\u6f20\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u4eec\u7684project\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u6297\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u865a\u4f2a\u3001\u81ea\u6b3a\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7126\u8651\u3001\u865a\u65e0\u3001\u8352\u8bde\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u5207\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u5efa<em>\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u3001\u865a\u65e0\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u672c\u771f\u59ff\u6001<\/em>\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u822c\u59ff\u6001no project is possible\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u5207\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\uff08engagement\uff09\u548c\u201c\u627f\u8bfa\u201d\uff08commitment\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.1 \u7126\u8651\u3001\u865a\u65e0\u3001\u8352\u8c2c<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Anxiety, Nothingness, the Absurd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u521d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u53cd\u5bf9\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c11\u6309\u7167\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\uff08practical\uff09\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed9\u5b9a\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9e\u8df5\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\uff08breakdown\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u201c\u8bc1\u636e\u201d\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u610f\u8bc6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4f34\u968f\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u9677\u5165\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\u7126\u8651\uff08anxiety, angst, angoisse\uff09\u3002\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u548c\u8428\u7279\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u610f\u5411\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u77ed\u6682\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6050\u60e7\u8868\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff08region\uff09\u5177\u6709\u5a01\u80c1\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u5219\u5f88\u8106\u5f31\u3002\u5728\u7126\u8651\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u6050\u60e7\u4e2d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u6216\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8106\u5f31\uff1b\u4f46\u4e0e\u6050\u60e7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7126\u8651\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u6709\u5a01\u80c1\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u4ee5\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u7126\u8651\u4f7f\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b<strong>project\u7684\u5faa\u73af\uff08circuit\uff1b\u5373\uff0c\u6211\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u4ee5project\u4e3a\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\uff09<\/strong>\uff1b\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u201c\u9002\u5e94\u201d\uff08gear into\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e86\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6211\u5bf9role\u548cproject\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6c89\u6d78\u611f\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u6211\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89d2\u8272\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5173\u4e8e<em>\u6211\u662f\u8c01<\/em>\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u7126\u8651\u56e0\u6b64\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u6211\u5b9e\u9645\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6240\u662f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u52a1\u90fd\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89d2\u8272\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u603b\u662f\u5178\u578b\u548c\u516c\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u7126\u8651\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u552f\u6211\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u60c5\u613f\uff0c\u5728\u7126\u8651\u4e2d\u9000\u7f29\u5230\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u4eba\u201c\u770b\u7a7f\u201d\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7126\u8651\u7684\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u9884\u793a\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u89d2\u8272\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u865a\u4f2a\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u88ab\u5632\u7b11\u4e3aadolescent self-absorption\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\uff08\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7126\u8651\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e5f\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5148\u524d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5f02\u5316\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u4e0a\u9762<em>\u5f02\u5316<\/em>\u4e00\u7ae0\uff09\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u7f1d\u4e14\u5168\u795e\u8d2f\u6ce8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u878d\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6211\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u5730\u534f\u8c03\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u5411\u6211\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e0e\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9762\u5b54\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u610f\u4e49\u65bc\u6211\u7684project\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u9524\u5b50\u7684\u6709\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9524\u5b50\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b83\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5b83\u7684\u989c\u8272\u6216\u91cd\u91cf\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u5b9e\u8df5\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6211\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\u4f53\u6837\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u5728\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u900f\u660e\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u5b83\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u4e5f\u88ab\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u201c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u201d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u89c6\u7ebf\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u7126\u8651\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff08character\uff09\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4e0d\u518d\u5b9e\u8df5\u5730\u624d\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u7684<strong>\u610f\u4e49<\/strong>\u73b0\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u540d\u5b57<\/strong>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d\u4f46\u4e0d\u518d\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u51dd\u89c6\u7740\u6211\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u91cd\u590d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u4e49\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7126\u8651\u7834\u574f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u8352\u8c2c\uff08They become absurd\uff09\u3002\u4e8b\u7269\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u8ba4\u77e5\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u9a8c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8428\u7279\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u6076\u5fc3\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u573a\u666f\u3002\u5f53Roquentin\u5750\u5728\u516c\u56ed\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u68f5\u6811\u7684\u6839\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5b83\u719f\u6089\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5b8c\u5168\u964c\u751f\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff08alien character\uff09\u611f\u5230\u6076\u5fc3\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff08its being en soi\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u6211\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u6295\u5165\u4f53\u9a8c\u66f4\u52a0\u771f\u5b9e\uff08genuine\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u771f\u5b9e\u3002\u5bf9\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u4e2d\u4ecb\uff0cintermediaries\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u5c31\u662f\u627f\u8ba4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u8352\u8c2c\u6027\uff1a\u867d\u7136\u7406\u6027\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u7acb\u8db3\u4e4b\u5730\uff08\u5b83\u4eec\u6bd5\u7adf\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u53d1\u660e\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4efb\u4f55\u7ec8\u6781\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5185\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019reasons give out\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u610f\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u6027\uff08groundlessness\uff09\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u201c\u865a\u65e0\u201d\uff08nothingness\uff09\u3002\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5f15\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u660e\u7126\u8651\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u7531\u6211\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u8df5\u5d29\u6e83\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u201d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6709\u9650\u6027\u3001\u6211\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7167\u9762\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7126\u8651\u4e2d\u9762\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6216\u201c\u865a\u65e0\u201d\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u523a\u6fc0\u672c\u771f\u6027\uff1a\u6211\u5f00\u59cb\u770b\u5230\u6211\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u201cmake myself be\u201d\u3002\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u65f6<em>\u6295\u8eab<\/em>\uff08commiting\uff09\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6211\u7684\u652f\u6301\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6211\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff08as one dose\uff09\u4e0d\u5047\u601d\u7d22\u5730\u626e\u6f14\uff08engaged\uff09\u7684<strong>\u89d2\u8272<\/strong>\uff08role\uff09\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0cbecome responsible for\u3002\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u6a21\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\uff08practical\uff09\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u865a\u65e0\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u2014\u2014\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d(freedom)\uff0c\u800c\u8428\u7279\u8be6\u7ec6\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u548c\u8428\u7279\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u4f1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u7531\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u201c\u4ecd\u201d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u4ed6\u6253\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1b\u800c\u8428\u7279\uff08\u5b83\u540c\u6837\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u201d\uff0cfacticity\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u201d\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u51b3\u5b9a\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8428\u7279\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u8bba\u4ecd\u7136\u76f4\u63a5\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5bf9<em>\u6211\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u865a\u65e0<\/em>\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8428\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7126\u8651\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u9a8c\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u9690\u85cf\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08object\uff09\u7684\u9519\u4f4d\uff0c\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u80fd\u591f\u6293\u4f4f\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u4e0d\u8ff7\u5931\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7684\u201c\u865a\u65e0\u201d\uff08nihilation\uff09\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u67d0\u7269\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff08to be conscious of something is to be conscious of not being it\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e0d\u201d\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u4e3a\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u6216\u865a\u65e0\u6b63\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u6240\u662f\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08no obj <strong>in<\/strong>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08but obj <strong>for<\/strong>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u6216\u88ab\u4e8b\u7269\u5305\u542b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f<em>thing-like<\/em>\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u610f\u8bc6\u5bf9\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5148\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u672c\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\uff08inhabitants\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5185\u90e8\u611f\u67d3\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8bf1\u5bfc\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u4e8b\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u4e3a\uff08for\uff09\u610f\u8bc6\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u8981\u4e48\u62d2\u7edd\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8428\u7279\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5473\u7740\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u4e2a\u501f\u53e3\uff1a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u9003\u907f\u4e86\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b83\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u2014\u2014\u6709\u65f6\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5426\u5b9a\uff08may deny\uff09\u6211\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c06\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u6784\u5efa\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u201c\u529b\u91cf\u201d\uff08forces\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u529b\u91cf\u4ee5\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u652f\u914d\u7740\u6211\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u50cf\u4ed6\u8005\u4e00\u6837\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8428\u7279\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u501f\u53e3\u5728\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u4e2d\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8428\u7279\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d4c\u5f92\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u8f93\u6389\u4e00\u5207\u5e76\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5bb6\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u9000\u56de\u5230\u4e0b\u5b9a\u51b3\u5fc3\u4e0d\u518d\u8d4c\u535a\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\uff08facticity\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u4fdd\u6301\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51b3\u5fc3\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5177\u6709\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u8d4c\u535a\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u9762\u5bf9\u8d4c\u684c\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u610f\u8bc6\u5230<em>\u4ed6\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u4ecd\u7136\u201c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u201d\uff08while still &quot;here&quot;\uff09\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u529b\u91cf<\/em>\u800c\u611f\u5230\u75db\u82e6\uff1a\u5b83\uff08\u51b3\u5fc3\uff09\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\uff08\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ed6\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u5b83\uff08\u51b3\u5fc3\uff09\u5f71\u54cd\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u91cd\u65b0\u627f\u8ba4\uff08<em>\u4ed6\u4e0b\u51b3\u5fc3\u907f\u514d\u8d4c\u535a\u662f\u65e0\u7528\u7684<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\uff1b\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u6700\u521d\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u80fd\u8ba9\u4ed6\u514d\u4e8e\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u201c\u6539\u9020\u201d\u539f\u672c\u5904\u4e8e\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u5a01\u80c1\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c48\u670d\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8d4c\u535a\u7684\u51b2\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5ba2\u670d\u6700\u521d\u51b3\u5fc3\u7684\u201c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u201d\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u4ed6\u7ae5\u5e74\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u51cf\u8f7b\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u75db\u82e6\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u8d37\u6b3e\u6765\u7ee7\u7eed\u8d4c\u535a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u8ba9\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u201c\u8a00\u800c\u6709\u4fe1\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u6b3a\u9a97\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u65e0\u7a77\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6b63\u5982\u8428\u7279\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u75db\u82e6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bfb\u6c42\u7a33\u5b9a\uff08stability\uff09\u3001\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\uff08identity\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9002\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u91c7\u7528\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u56e0\u6211\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u522b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u6210\u4e3a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u5339\u914d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u201c\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u627f\u8bfa\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5426\u8ba4\u6216\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u7531\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002 \u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u201c\u6076\u610f\u201d\uff08bad faith\uff09\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5219\u662f\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.2 \u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u7406\u60f3<\/h3>\n<p><strong>The Ideality of Values<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff1f\u8428\u7279\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u662f\u6307\u6211\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u6211\u4ea7\u751f\u56e0\u679c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u6211\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u662f\u628a\u6d41\u6d6a\u8005\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u5e2e\u52a9\u201d\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u6211\u4e0d\u4ec5\u542c\u5230\u4e86\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u58f0\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u9700\u8981\u8bda\u5b9e\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8428\u7279\u6240\u5199\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u4ee5\u9080\u8bf7\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u201c\u58f0\u79f0\u62e5\u6709\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u6216\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff08justification\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u6d41\u6d6a\u8005\uff0c\u8bda\u5b9e\u56de\u7b54\uff1f\u8428\u7279\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u8bf4\u7b54\u6848\u6700\u7ec8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u5bf9\u201c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\uff08myself\uff09\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u800c<em>\u6211\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4e0e\u5426<\/em>\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4ef7\u503c\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4ef7\u503c\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\uff08exigency\uff09\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5b83\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\u201d\u3002\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002 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<strong>\u76f8\u53cd<\/strong>\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u63ed\u793a\u7ed9\u4e00\u79cd\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u901a\u8fc7\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u4f7f\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u79c1\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u95f9\u949f\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\uff08\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u8d77\u5e8a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u54cd\u5e94\u95f9\u949f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u8d77\u5e8a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u95f9\u949f\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5931\u53bb\u5b83\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u8d77\u6765\uff1f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e0e\u95f9\u949f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1a\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u8d77\u5e8a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u53bb\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u95f9\u949f\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u901a\u5e38\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u518d\u6b21\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u88ab\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\uff1a\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u6211\u5bf9\u4e0a\u73ed\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5b9e\u8df5\u5728\u4e0d\u52a0\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u5417\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u201c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u5403\u996d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u8fc7\u4e0a\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5f88\u8feb\u5207\uff0c\u90a3\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u3001\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u3001\u9075\u7eaa\u5b88\u6cd5\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u50cf\u5bf9\u6211\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u6837\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u6211\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53c2\u4e0e\u65f6\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff09\u624d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u8d8a\u662f\u9000\u51fa\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5904\u5883\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5c31\u8d8a\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4f26\u7406\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u2014\u2014\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7406\u60f3\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u201d\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u73b0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u79e9\u5e8f\u6765\u9003\u907f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u65b0\u6295\u5165\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u56de\u5e94\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u610f\u4e49\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u9996\u5148\u4e0d\u662f\u6c89\u601d\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u5178\u578b\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u201c\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u201c\u4f53\u9762\u201d\uff08respectability\uff09\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u4e48\u4f53\u9762\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4e0d\u4f53\u9762\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9519\u8bef\u57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way of life\u3001some 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History, Engagement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff1b\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u603b\u662f\u5728\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u505a\u540c\u6837\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u8868\u6f14\u662f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u5355\u6570\u9009\u62e9\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u590d\u6570\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u540c\u65f6\u6784\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u9002\u5408\u9884\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89d2\u8272\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\uff09\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u6216\u96c6\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u672c\u8eab\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u662f\u8c01\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u590d\u6570\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5982\u679c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u662f\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u601d\u8003\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5d29\u6e83\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u663e\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u60c5\u5883\u201d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u201c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e0e\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u65f6\u95f4\u201d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f0a\u66fc\u7ebd\u5c14\u00b7\u5217\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65af\uff08Emmanuel Levinas\uff09\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8f68\u9053\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u201c\u6c34\u5e73\u201d\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6311\u6218\u6240\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u5782\u76f4\u201d\u6216\u672b\u4e16\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u8428\u7279\u5219\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u505c\u4e0b\u6765\u68c0\u67e5\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u548c\u8428\u7279\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4.1 \u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Heidegger: History as Claim<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u5904\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7ebf\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u6211\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u968f\u540e\u4ee5\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6765\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u77ac\u95f4\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u672a\u6765\u201d\uff08\u5373my 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\u81f4\uff0c\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e5f\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4.2 \u8428\u7279\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Sartre: Existentialism and Marxism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u8428\u7279\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u548c\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u8428\u7279\u9605\u8bfb\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5728\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u201c\u770b\u201d\uff08le regard\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u6211\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684project\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8005\u4f7f\u6211\u4e0e\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u758f\u8fdc\uff08alienates\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u4e3b\u4f53\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u4e2d\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6211\u6784\u6210\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u88ab\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201d\u6784\u6210\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4ed6\u4ebaproject\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u4e3a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u654c\u610f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u88ab\u5851\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u201d\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6028\u6068\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u88ab\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7537\u4eba\u201d\uff1b\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6211\u88ab\u6784\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u201d\uff1b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u65e2\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u62c9\u5f00\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u6062\u590d\u5230\u4e3b\u4f53\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5728\u8428\u7279\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u5904\u4e8e\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u76f8\u4e92\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002 \u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u2014\u2014\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u603b\u662f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8428\u7279\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u6cd5\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5236\u5ea6\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8c01\u5c06\u62c5\u4efb\u4e3b\u4f53\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u897f\u8499\u5a1c\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6ce2\u4f0f\u74e6\uff08Simone de Beauvoir\uff09\u5728\u5979\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6027\u300b\uff08The Second Sex\uff09\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u5730\u4f4d\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u201c\u5ba2\u4f53\u201d\u5730\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u5979\u4eec\u662f\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u662f\u7528\u7537\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u5f00\u53d1\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4e49\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u53d7\u5230\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\u201c\u5916\u89c2\u201d\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5916\u89c2\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u5979\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u5973\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u7537\u6027\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6027\u522b\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff1b\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u3002\u8428\u7279\u5728\u53cd\u601d\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7406\u60f3\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u6beb\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8428\u7279\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5f97\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u8428\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef7\u503c\u2014\u2014\u5373\u81ea\u7531\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u786e\u5b9e\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e5f\u59cb\u7ec8\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5728\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff08Existentialism is a Humanism\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u8428\u7279\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u5148\u9a8c\u8bba\u8bc1\u6765\u786e\u7acb\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u66f4\u4e3a\u8c26\u865a\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5373\u58f0\u79f0\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u201c\u7ad9\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002\u201d\u6839\u636e\u5728\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6587\u5b66\uff1f\u300b\uff08What is Literature?\uff09\u4e2d\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u201cengaged literature\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u662f\u8981\u4e48\u60f3\u8c61\u514b\u670d\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5265\u524a\u7b49\u5177\u4f53\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5173\u95ed\u5b83\u4eec\u3002 \u5728\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u4ee5\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6574\u4e2a\u9605\u8bfb\u516c\u4f17\u3002 \u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u8428\u7279\u7ec8\u5176\u4e00\u751f\u6240\u575a\u6301\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\uff1athe value of freedom as self-making\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd9\u79cd\u627f\u8bfa\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u8428\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u662f\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u201d\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u6240\u6697\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8428\u7279\u5bf9\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u62e5\u62a4\u662f\u4ed6\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u89c6\u4e3apeoject of self-making\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\uff08\u884c\u52a8\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u54f2\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u6c38\u6052\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u65e0\u79c1\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8428\u7279\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u662f\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u73b0\u5b9e\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f02\u5316\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5728\u5173\u6ce8\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u8ba1\u5212\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u2014\u2014\u5373\u7a00\u7f3a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4efb\u4f55\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u8651\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5f15\u5bfc\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u201c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u8d85\u8d8a\u751f\u6d3b\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5177\u4f53\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5f02\u5316\u5883\u51b5\u7684\u6700\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u514b\u670d\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8428\u7279\u4e0e\u6b63\u7edf\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u7cfbmarked by tension\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5df2\u7ecf\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u6559\u6761\u7684\u201c\u5148\u9a8c\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u73b0\u5b9e\u7b3c\u7f69\u5728\u6beb\u65e0\u751f\u6c14\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u300a\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224\u300b\uff08Critique of Dialectical 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