{"id":1579,"date":"2025-02-26T10:16:30","date_gmt":"2025-02-26T02:16:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/?p=1579"},"modified":"2025-10-09T13:54:09","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T05:54:09","slug":"tcopr-04","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/26\/tcopr-04\/","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224\u300b03 \u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91 \u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790"},"content":{"rendered":"

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  \u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91<\/code>\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790<\/code>\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

I. Transcendental Doctrine of Elements\n...\n    Second Part\u2014TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC\n    ...\n        FIRST DIVISION\u2014TRANSCENDENTAL ANALYTIC\n            BOOK I. Analytic of Conceptions. \u00a7 2\n                Chapter I. Of the Transcendental Clue to the Discovery of all Pure Conceptions of the Understanding\n                    Introductory \u00a7 3\n                    Section I. Of the Logical Use of the Understanding in General. \u00a7 4\n                    Section II. Of the Logical Function of the Understanding in Judgements. \u00a7 5\n                    Section III. Of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding, or Categories. \u00a7 6\n                Chapter II. Of the Deduction of the Pure Conception of the Understanding\n                    Section I. Of the Principles of a Transcendental Deduction in general \u00a7 9\n                    Transition to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories. \u00a7 10\n                    Section II Transcendental Deduction of the pure Conceptions of the Understanding.\n                    Of the Possibility of a Conjunction of the manifold representations given by Sense. \u00a7 11.\n                    Of the Originally Synthetical Unity of Apperception. \u00a7 12\n                    The Principle of the Synthetical Unity of Apperception is the highest Principle of all exercise of the Understanding. \u00a7 13\n                    What Objective Unity of Self-consciousness is. \u00a7 14\n                    The Logical Form of all Judgements consists in the Objective Unity of Apperception of the Conceptions contained therein. \u00a7 15\n                    All Sensuous Intuitions are subject to the Categories, as Conditions under which alone the manifold Content of them can be united in one Consciousness. \u00a7 16\n                    Observation. \u00a7 17\n                    In Cognition, its Application to Objects of Experience is the only legitimate use of the Category. \u00a7 18\n                    Of the Application of the Categories to Objects of the Senses in general. \u00a7 20\n                    Transcendental Deduction of the universally possible employment in experience of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding. \u00a7 22\n                    Result of this Deduction of the Conceptions of the Understanding. \u00a7 23\n            BOOK II. Analytic of Principles\n                INTRODUCTION. Of the Transcendental Faculty of judgement in General.\n                TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF THE FACULTY OF JUDGEMENT OR, ANALYTIC OF PRINCIPLES.\n                Chapter I. Of the Schematism at of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding.\n                Chapter II. System of all Principles of the Pure Understanding.\n                    Section I. Of the Supreme Principle of all Analytical Judgements.\n                    Section II. Of the Supreme Principle of all Synthetical Judgements.\n                    Section III. Systematic Representation of all Synthetical Principles of the Pure Understanding.\n                Chapter III Of the Ground of the Division of all Objects into Phenomena and Noumena.\n            APPENDIX.<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91 \u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790 \u00a71<\/strong><\/center><\/p>\n
  \u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790(Transcendental analytic)\u662f\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u5168\u90e8\u5148\u5929(\u00e0 priori)\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u8bf8\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8981\u6c42\uff1a(1)\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff1b(2)\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u77e5\u6027(understanding)\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76f4\u89c2(intuition)\u548c\u611f\u6027(sensibility)\uff1b(3)\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u6216\u590d\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b(4)\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8303\u7574\u8868\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u9886\u57df\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u590d\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u4fe1\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u8bc6\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u5ff5(idea)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6784\u6210\u8be5\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u8bf8\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5212\u5206\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
  \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u4e00\u5207\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0e\u4e00\u5207\u611f\u6027(sensibility)\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u83b7\u5f97\u4efb\u4f55\u8865\u5145\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u603b\u548c\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8981\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u5ff5\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u548c\u5305\u542b\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u540c\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u8bc6\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u8fd9\u6574\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u518c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u518c\u5305\u542b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u518c\u5305\u542b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790 \u00a72<\/h2>\n
  \u901a\u8fc7"\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790"(Analytic of Conceptions)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u6211\u6307\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5373\u6839\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u89e3\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5176\u6e05\u6670\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u672c\u8eab\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc4\u4eca\u5f88\u5c11\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fc7\u7684\u5206\u89e3\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u5730(birthplace)\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8fd0\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u804c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u5904\u7406\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u76f4\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u7684\u840c\u82bd\u548c\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5b83\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u6f5c\u4f0f\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u573a\u5408\u4e0b\u5f97\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u6027\u4ece\u9644\u7740\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
1.1 Chapter I \u53d1\u73b0\u5168\u90e8\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7ebf\u7d22<\/h3>\n
Of the Transcendental Clue to the Discovery of all Pure Conceptions of the Understanding<\/strong><\/p>\n
1.1.1 Introductory<\/h4>\n
  \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u542f\u52a8\u67d0\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4f7f\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u8003\u5bdf\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u6295\u5165\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u8eab\u7ec4\u5408\u6210\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u7ec8\u70b9\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u5730\u9884\u77e5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u968f\u610f\u65b9\u5f0f(haphazard manner)\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ee5\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u5f7c\u6b64\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u88ab\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u5230\u590d\u6742\u6392\u5217\u6210\u7cfb\u5217\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u5217\u5b8c\u5168\u79f0\u4e0d\u4e0a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5176\u6784\u9020\u4e2d\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
  \u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66(Transcendental philosophy)\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u662f\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5373\u5fc5\u987b\u6309\u7167\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219(principle)\u6765\u5bfb\u627e\u5b83\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e14\u672a\u7ecf\u6df7\u6742\u5730\u4ece\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u6765(spring pure and unmixed out of)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u7406\u5ff5(idea)\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fde\u63a5\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u6210\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u80fd\u88ab\u6307\u5b9a\u5176\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5148\u5929\u5730(\u00e0 priori)\u786e\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u672c\u6765\u90fd\u5c06\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u5076\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n
1.1.2 Section I \u8bba\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7528 \u00a74<\/h4>\n
Of the Logical Use of the Understanding in General<\/strong><\/p>\n
  \u524d\u6587\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027(understanding)\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u975e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u76f4\u89c2(intuition)\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u76f4\u89c2\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6982\u5ff5(conceptions)\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c31\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684(intuitive)\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a8\u7406\u6027\u7684(discursive)\u3002<\/p>\n
  \u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u611f\u53d7(affections)\uff1b\u800c\u6982\u5ff5\u5219\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u529f\u80fd(functions)\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8c61(representations)\u7edf\u4e00\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u8868\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027(spontaneity)\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5370\u8c61\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u6027(receptivity)\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n
  \u77e5\u6027\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u9664\u4e86\u76f4\u89c2\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u8054\u5230\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u8054\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u5173\u8054\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u8c61\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u8fd8\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5224\u65ad(judgement)\u662f\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8ba4\u77e5(mediate cognition)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5e76\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
  \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5224\u65ad"\u6240\u6709\u7269\u4f53\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u5206\u7684"\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e"\u53ef\u5206\u7684"\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5176\u4ed6\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5b83\u7279\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e"\u7269\u4f53"\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u53c8\u5173\u8054\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61(phenomena)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u5206\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u95f4\u63a5\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u76f4\u63a5\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u79cd\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
  \u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6d3b\u52a8\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u77e5\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u80fd\u529b(faculty of judging)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u800c\u601d\u7ef4\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u4f46\u6982\u5ff5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd(predicates)\uff0c\u5173\u8054\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u5c1a\u672a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c"\u7269\u4f53"\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6307\u793a\u67d0\u7269\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u91d1\u5c5e\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5b83\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u8c61\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5b83\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u5173\u8054\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a"\u6bcf\u4e2a\u91d1\u5c5e\u90fd\u662f\u7269\u4f53\u3002"\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u5c06\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
1.1.3 Section II \u8bba\u77e5\u6027\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u529f\u80fd \u00a75<\/h4>\n
Of the Logical Function of the Understanding in Judgements<\/strong><\/p>\n
  \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u62bd\u53bb\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u5176\u77e5\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u4e3a\u56db\u7c7b\uff0c\u6bcf\u7c7b\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20(momenta)\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e0b\u8868\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u8868\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. \u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff1a\u5168\u79f0\u7684\u3001\u7279\u79f0\u7684\u3001\u5355\u79f0\u7684\uff1b<\/li>\n
  2. \u8d28\u91cf\uff1a\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff1b<\/li>\n
  3. \u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u5b9a\u8a00\u7684\u3001\u5047\u8a00\u7684\u3001\u9009\u8a00\u7684<\/li>\n
  4. \u6a21\u6001\uff1a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3001\u65ad\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u7684<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u5212\u5206\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u975e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u60ef\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f88\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff1a<\/p>\n
      \n
    1. \n
      \u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5224\u65ad\u65f6\uff0c\u5355\u79f0\u5224\u65ad\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u5168\u79f0\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u6837\u5904\u7406\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5355\u79f0\u5224\u65ad\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u5ef6\uff0c\u5176\u8c13\u8bcd\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8bcd\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u5305\u542b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u800c\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8c13\u8bcd\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5916\u5ef6\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ece\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u89d2\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f83\u5355\u79f0\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5355\u79f0\u5224\u65ad\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5982\u540c\u4e00\u4e0e\u65e0\u9650\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8bc4\u4f30\u5355\u79f0\u5224\u65ad(judicium singulare)\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5176\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8ba4\u77e5\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u5224\u65ad(judicium commune)\uff0c\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8868\u683c\u4e2d\u5e94\u8be5\u5360\u6709\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u8003\u8651\u5224\u65ad\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    2. \n
      \u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u5224\u65ad\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u80af\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u80af\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u62bd\u53bb\u8c13\u8bcd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9(\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684)\uff0c\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u8be5\u8c13\u8bcd\u662f\u88ab\u80af\u5b9a\u8fd8\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8bcd\u3002\u4f46\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u8fd8\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6216\u5185\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5426\u5b9a\u8c13\u8bcd\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u8be2\u95ee\u8fd9\u79cd\u80af\u5b9a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u603b\u548c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8bf4"\u7075\u9b42\u662f\u975e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684"\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5426\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u6211\u81f3\u5c11\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7"\u7075\u9b42\u662f\u975e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5728\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7531\u6b64\u5c06\u7075\u9b42\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u6b7b\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7269\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u6b7b\u7684\u5360\u636e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u6b7b\u7684\u5360\u636e\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u9898\u6240\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u7075\u9b42\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5f53\u6211\u53bb\u9664\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u6b7b\u90e8\u5206\u540e\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\uff1a\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7269\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u9886\u57df\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u6b7b\u7684\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u7075\u9b42\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6574\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d6\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u80af\u5b9a\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u8303\u56f4\u4e0a\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5185\u5bb9\u65b9\u9762\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u8868\u4e2d\u5e94\u5f53\u5360\u6709\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u5176\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    3. \n
      \u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\uff1a(a)\u8c13\u8bcd\u4e0e\u4e3b\u8bcd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b(b)\u6839\u636e\u4e0e\u540e\u679c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b(c)\u5206\u5272\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e24\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u51e0\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5047\u8a00\u547d\u9898"\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6b63\u4e49\uff0c\u987d\u56fa\u4f5c\u6076\u8005\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5a"\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373"\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6b63\u4e49\u5b58\u5728"\u548c"\u987d\u56fa\u4f5c\u6076\u8005\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5a"\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u771f\u5728\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u6240\u601d\u8003\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u540e\u679c\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u9009\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u547d\u9898\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u540e\u679c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u6392\u9664\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u540c\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u547d\u9898\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u6784\u6210\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9009\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u5305\u542b\u8ba4\u77e5\u6574\u4f53\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u90fd\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5f62\u6210\u5206\u5272\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c"\u4e16\u754c\u8981\u4e48\u901a\u8fc7\u76f2\u76ee\u5076\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u5728\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u5728\u539f\u56e0\u5b58\u5728"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u77e5\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1b\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u6784\u6210\u6574\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u56f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d6\u51fa\u8ba4\u77e5\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5c06\u5176\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u8303\u56f4\u4e2d\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u4e2d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5c06\u5176\u4ece\u5176\u4f59\u8303\u56f4\u4e2d\u53d6\u51fa\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u9009\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5171\u540c\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u540e\u6587\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5728\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    4. \n
      \u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6a21\u6001\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5176\u663e\u8457\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5b83\u5bf9\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8d21\u732e(\u56e0\u4e3a\u9664\u4e86\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6784\u6210\u5224\u65ad\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8981\u7d20)\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u7cfb\u8bcd(copula)\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u503c\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u80af\u5b9a\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u4ec5\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684(\u968f\u610f\u7684\uff0cad libitum)\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u5728\u65ad\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u547d\u9898\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u5728\u7684(\u771f\u7684)\uff1b\u5728\u5fc5\u7136\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136\u7684[13]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u5047\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad(\u524d\u4ef6\u548c\u540e\u4ef6)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6784\u6210\u9009\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad(\u5206\u5272\u7684\u6210\u5458)\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c"\u5b58\u5728\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6b63\u4e49"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u65ad\u5b9a\u5730\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u968f\u610f\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5176\u540e\u679c\u662f\u65ad\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u53ef\u80fd\u660e\u663e\u662f\u5047\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c"\u4e16\u754c\u53ea\u901a\u8fc7\u76f2\u76ee\u5076\u7136\u800c\u5b58\u5728"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u5728\u9009\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6682\u65f6\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec(\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e00\u6837)\u627e\u5230\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u547d\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u547d\u9898\u53ea\u8868\u8fbe\u903b\u8f91\u53ef\u80fd\u6027(\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684)\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u2014\u2014\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u5730\u5c06\u5176\u7eb3\u5165\u77e5\u6027\u3002\u65ad\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u6216\u771f\u7406\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5047\u8a00\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u524d\u4ef6\u5728\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u4e2d\u4ee5\u95ee\u9898\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u5c0f\u524d\u63d0\u4e2d\u4ee5\u65ad\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u8be5\u547d\u9898\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u89c4\u5f8b\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5fc5\u7136\u5224\u65ad\u5c06\u65ad\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u7531\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u6027\u89c4\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5148\u5929\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u8fbe\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u9010\u6b65\u7eb3\u5165\u77e5\u6027\u2014\u2014\u9996\u5148\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u65ad\u5b9a\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u4e3a\u771f\uff1b\u6700\u540e\u80af\u5b9a\u5b83\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u5373\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u548c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u6a21\u6001\u529f\u80fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
      [13]\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u601d\u7ef4\u9996\u5148\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u660e\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u6587\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
      1.1.4 Section III \u8bba\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u8303\u7574 \u00a76<\/h4>\n
      Of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding, or Categories<\/strong><\/p>\n
        \u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u62bd\u53bb\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u671f\u5f85\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u63a5\u6536\u8868\u8c61(representations)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91(transcendental logic)\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u5148\u5929\u611f\u6027(\u00e0 priori sensibility)\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u7531\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba(transcendental \u00e6sthetic)\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u7a7a\u865a\u7684\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5305\u542b\u7740\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2(pure \u00e0 priori intuition)\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5fc3\u7075\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027(spontaneity)\u8981\u6c42\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u88ab\u5fc3\u7075\u63a5\u6536\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u968f\u540e\u4ece\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7efc\u5408(synthesis)\u3002<\/p>\n
      \n
      General logic: representations -> conceptions
      \nTranscendental logic: representations (from transcendental \u00e6sthetic) -> matter (to the pure conceptions of the understanding)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
        \u5c31\u5176\u6700\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u4e00\u8bcd\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8c61\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/strong>\u3002\u5f53\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u7ed9\u4e88\u800c\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7ed9\u4e88(\u5982\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027)\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff1b\u5c31\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u4f46\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7ed9\u4e88\u8fd8\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7ed9\u4e88)\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u9996\u8981\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u7c97\u7cd9\u548c\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u5206\u6790\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u7efc\u5408\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u8bf8\u8981\u7d20\u6536\u96c6\u5e76\u7edf\u4e00\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u7814\u7a76\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u662f(\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u540e\u9762\u5c06\u770b\u5230\u7684)\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u76f2\u76ee\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5c11\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u6211\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba1\u6570(\u5728\u5927\u6570\u5b57\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u663e)\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u6309\u7167\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u7840(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5341\u8fdb\u5236)\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u88ab\u5f52\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0b\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u6240\u5904\u7406\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5c06\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u672c\u8eab)\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5<\/strong>\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\uff1b\u4f46\u8fd9\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u51fa\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u8d4b\u4e88\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\u4ee5\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u7531\u77e5\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5728\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8c61\u4ee5\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4e88\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\u4ee5\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u5176\u8868\u8c61\u5f15\u5165\u5148\u9a8c\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5148\u5929\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u6240\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6070\u597d\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5148\u5929\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u5916\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u529f\u80fd\u6216\u5b98\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4e0e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e00\u6837\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8303\u7574(categories)\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u6267\u884c\u4e0a\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6700\u521d\u4e0e\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
      \u8303\u7574\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\n
        \n
      1. \u6570\u91cf\uff1a\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u591a\u6570\u6027\u3001\u603b\u4f53\u6027\uff1b<\/li>\n
      2. \u8d28\u91cf\uff1a\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u9650\u5236\u6027\uff1b<\/li>\n
      3. \u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u56fa\u6709\u6027\u4e0e\u81ea\u5b58\u6027(\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e0e\u5076\u6027)\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u4e0e\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027(\u539f\u56e0\u4e0e\u7ed3\u679c)\u3001\u4e92\u52a8\u6027(\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\u4e0e\u53d7\u52a8\u8005\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528)\uff1b<\/li>\n
      4. \u6a21\u6001\uff1a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u2014\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u73b0\u5b9e\u6027\u2014\u975e\u73b0\u5b9e\u6027\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u2014\u5076\u7136\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u672c\u539f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027(pure understanding)\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5212\u5206\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u5224\u65ad\u529b(\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u80fd\u529b)\u51fa\u53d1\u800c\u505a\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u968f\u610f\u641c\u5bfb\u4e2d\u6742\u4e71\u65e0\u7ae0\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u5b8c\u6574\u6570\u76ee\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8fd0\u7528\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u6765\u641c\u5bfb\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u5230\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6070\u6070\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u641c\u5bfb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u503c\u5f97\u50cf\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8fd9\u6837\u654f\u9510\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u53bb\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u968f\u7740\u6982\u5ff5\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u9762\u524d\u5c31\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u6536\u96c6\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u5341\u4e2a\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8303\u7574(categories)(\u8ff0\u8bed\u63d0\u540d\uff0cpredicaments)\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53c8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e94\u4e2a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540e\u8ff0\u8bed(post predicaments)\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdb\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f(\u4f55\u65f6\u3001\u4f55\u5904\u3001\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5148\u524d\u3001\u540c\u65f6)\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6982\u5ff5(\u8fd0\u52a8)\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u8c31\u767b\u8bb0\u518c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u521d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u884d\u751f\u6982\u5ff5(\u4e3b\u52a8\u3001\u88ab\u52a8)\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u521d\u6982\u5ff5\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u7f3a\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u672c\u539f\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u4e5f\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u884d\u751f\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u63d0\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u8bf7\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4f46\u884d\u751f\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u53ef\u8ff0\u8bed(predicables)\uff0c\u4ee5\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u8ff0\u8bed\u63d0\u540d(predicaments)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u539f\u521d\u7684\u548c\u672c\u539f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u884d\u751f\u7684\u548c\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u8c31\u6811\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\u7559\u5f85\u4ed6\u65e5\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u53c2\u8003\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u624b\u518c\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u6613\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u628a\u529b\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u53d7\u52a8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u8ff0\u8bed\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u8303\u7574\uff1b\u628a\u5728\u573a\u548c\u62b5\u6297\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e92\u52a8\u6027\u8303\u7574\uff1b\u628a\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u6d88\u5931\u3001\u53d8\u5316\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6a21\u6001\u8303\u7574\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u8303\u7574\u4e0e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6216\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5148\u5929\u884d\u751f\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5217\u4e3e\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u7528\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u6109\u5feb\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u5728\u672c\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u610f\u7701\u7565\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u53ea\u6253\u7b97\u5728\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c06\u6784\u6210\u672c\u6279\u5224\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7406\u5e94\u7531\u6211\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ed9\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u4f1a\u906e\u853d\u6211\u4eec\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5f15\u53d1\u6000\u7591\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u63a8\u8fdf\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u635f\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7684\u8fd9\u70b9\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u5e94\u8be5\u8db3\u591f\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5236\u4f5c\u4e00\u672c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\uff0c\u5e76\u9644\u5e26\u6240\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u7c7b\u522b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u586b\u5145\u5b83\u4eec\uff1b\u50cf\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u6307\u51fa\u54ea\u4e9b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u586b\u5145\u3002<\/p>\n
        1.1.5 \u00a7 7<\/h4>\n
          \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8303\u7574\u8868\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u8651\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7406\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ed8\u5236\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8ba1\u5212\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5(\u00e0 priori)\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u7167\u56fa\u5b9a\u539f\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u5b66\u6027\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff1a\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u95e8\u9884\u671f\u7684\u601d\u8fa8\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8981\u7d20(momenta)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5185\u90e8\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002[14]<\/p>\n
        \n
        [14]\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
          I. \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u77e5\u6027\u56db\u7c7b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8868\u683c\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7c7b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u6d89\u53ca\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u6d89\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u8303\u7574\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u7684(mathematical)\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u7c7b\u79f0\u4e3a\u52a8\u529b\u7684(dynamical)\u8303\u7574\u3002\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u9879\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u9879\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u672c\u6027\u4e2d\u6709\u5176\u6839\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n
          II. \u6bcf\u7c7b\u4e2d\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u603b\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4e09\u4e2a\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e5f\u503c\u5f97\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5212\u5206\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8865\u5145\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e09\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\u603b\u662f\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u6027(totality)\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u591a\u6570\u6027\uff1b\u9650\u5236\u6027(limitation)\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0e\u5426\u5b9a\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff1b\u4e92\u52a8\u6027(community)\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u4f53\u76f8\u4e92\u51b3\u5b9a\u548c\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027(necessity)\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u8303\u7574\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u884d\u751f\u7684\u800c\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u672c\u539f\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ea7\u751f\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u4e0e\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6570\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(\u5c5e\u4e8e\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u8303\u7574)\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u5728\u591a\u6570\u6027\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d)\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5c06\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u6b64\u5c31\u7406\u89e3\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e2d\u67d0\u7269\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
          III. \u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5373\u4e92\u52a8\u6027\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u8981\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u529f\u80fd\u8868\u4e2d\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u9009\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u8303\u7574\u90a3\u6837\u5bb9\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9009\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u8303\u56f4(\u5373\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u603b\u548c)\u88ab\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5206\u4e3a\u8bf8\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u8c03\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4ece\u5c5e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f7c\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u7cfb\u5217\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\u2014\u2014(\u5982\u679c\u5206\u5272\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u88ab\u8bbe\u5b9a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u88ab\u6392\u9664\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136)\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u5730\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5730\u88ab\u534f\u8c03(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u5176\u90e8\u5206\u76f8\u4e92\u5438\u5f15\u548c\u6392\u65a5)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e0e\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb(\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u540e\u679c)\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u540e\u679c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4e0d\u51b3\u5b9a\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u4e0e\u540e\u8005\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u521b\u9020\u8005\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u77e5\u6027\u7528\u6765\u8868\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5206\u5272\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u53ef\u5206\u7684\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u524d\u8005\u4e2d\u5206\u5272\u7684\u8bf8\u6210\u5458\u76f8\u4e92\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u4e2d\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u4e5f\u5c06\u540e\u8005\u7684\u8bf8\u90e8\u5206\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5404\u81ea\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5b58\u5728(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53)\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u7edf\u4e00\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
        1.1.6 \u00a7 8<\/h4>\n
          \u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4f46\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5(\u00e0 priori)\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\u2014\u2014"\u6bcf\u4e00\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u3001\u771f\u3001\u5584"('Quodlibet ens est UNUM, VERUM, BONUM')\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u793c\u8282\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u624d\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e2d\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u7ef4\u6301\u5982\u6b64\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u591a\u4e48\u7a7a\u6d1e\uff0c\u90fd\u503c\u5f97\u5bf9\u5176\u8d77\u6e90\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u4e00\u5b9a\u57fa\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u77e5\u6027\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5219\u50cf\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e00\u6837\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u8fd9\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u8ff0\u8bed\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u6570\u91cf\u8303\u7574\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5373\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u591a\u6570\u6027\u548c\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672c\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6700\u4e0d\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u7ef4\u6807\u51c6\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53(things in themselves)\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d28\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(qualitative unity)\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u591a\u6837\u6027\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u51fa\u620f\u5267\u3001\u4e00\u7bc7\u6f14\u8bf4\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u4e2d\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u63a8\u8bba\u800c\u8a00\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u63a8\u8bba\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u8d8a\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u8d28\u7684\u591a\u6570\u6027(qualitative plurality)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5b8c\u5584\u6027(perfection)\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5728\u4e8e\u591a\u6570\u6027\u56de\u5f52\u5230\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u800c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d28\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027(qualitative completeness)\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6807\u51c6\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u8f6c\u5316\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u4e00\u79cd\u672a\u7ecf\u6388\u6743\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u540c\u8d28\u7684\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e3a\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u8d28(\u8fd9\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u539f\u5219)\u5c06\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u800c\u88ab\u8f6c\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5(\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61)\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u4ece\u5176\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u91cd\u73b0\u6574\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bf4\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u68c0\u9a8c\u662f\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u539f\u7406\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u8f85\u52a9\u5047\u8bf4\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9)\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027(\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027)\u2014\u2014\u6700\u540e\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a8\u8bba\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u539f\u7406\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a8\u8bba\u65e2\u4e0d\u591a\u4e8e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e8e\u5047\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6240\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u5730\u548c\u540e\u5929\u5730(\u00e0 posteriori)\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u548c\u5148\u5929\u5730(\u00e0 priori)\u6240\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u548c\u5b8c\u5584\u6027\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u8303\u7574\u8868\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u589e\u8865\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u4e5f\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u6401\u7f6e\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u6cd5\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
        1.2 Chapter II \u8bba\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6f14\u7ece<\/h3>\n
        1.2.1 Section I \u8bba\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5219 \u00a79<\/h4>\n
        \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
          \n
        1. \u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u662f\u8bc1\u660e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f<\/li>\n
        2. \u7ecf\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6027<\/li>\n
        3. \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u9700\u8981\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u539f\u56e0<\/li>\n
        4. \u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6839\u672c\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/li>\n
        5. \u7a7a\u95f4\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u7136\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n
        6. \u8303\u7574\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n
        7. \u4e3b\u89c2\u601d\u7ef4\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n
        8. \u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
            \u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u6743\u5229\u548c\u8981\u6c42\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u6743\u95ee\u9898(quid juris)\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898(quid facti)\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u524d\u8005\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u79f0\u4e3a\u6f14\u7ece(deduction)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bc1\u660e\u65e8\u5728\u786e\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6216\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6982\u5ff5(empirical conceptions)\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u906d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff1b\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u4eec\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u6307\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u59cb\u7ec8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u50ed\u8d8a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(usurped conceptions)\uff0c\u5982\u8fd0\u6c14\u3001\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u51e0\u4e4e\u5f97\u5230\u666e\u904d\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u4f46\u5076\u5c14\u4f1a\u906d\u5230"\u6cd5\u6743\u4f55\u5728\uff1f"(quid juris)\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u627e\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6216\u7406\u6027\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u6765\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u5229\u8981\u6c42\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u5728\u6784\u6210\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6591\u6593\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5148\u5929\u4f7f\u7528(pure use \u00e0 priori)\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f7f\u7528\u603b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5bfc\u51fa\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8003\u5bdf\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece(transcendental deduction)\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece(empirical deduction)\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6307\u793a\u6982\u5ff5\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u6743\u5229\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u65b9\u5f0f\u83b7\u5f97\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5148\u5929\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u90fd\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u6027\u7684\u663e\u8457\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u501f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u6765\u8868\u8c61\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5076\u7136\u539f\u56e0(occasioning causes)\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u611f\u5b98\u5370\u8c61(impressions of sense)\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u542f\u52a8\u6574\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5951\u673a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u611f\u5b98\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6e90\u6cc9\u7684\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u611f\u6027\u5370\u8c61\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u573a\u5408\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u7279\u6b8a\u77e5\u89c9\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6700\u521d\u52aa\u529b\u65e0\u7591\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u6548\u7528\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u611f\u8c22\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6d1b\u514b\u9996\u5148\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002\u4f46\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u5f53\u7136\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c31\u5176\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f7f\u7528\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6e0a\u6e90\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u8bc1\u660e(certificate of birth)\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bd5\u56fe\u8fdb\u884c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u63a8\u5bfc\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898(quaestio facti)\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8ba4\u77e5\u5360\u6709\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u6f14\u7ece\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fd9\u79cd\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7a33\u6b65\u800c\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5411\u54f2\u5b66\u8bf7\u6c42\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u8fd9\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u611f\u89c9\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u51e0\u4f55\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u660e\u8bc1\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61(\u5c31\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00)\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba4\u77e5\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u88ab\u5148\u5929\u5730\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5bfb\u6c42\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u611f\u6027\u7684\u8ff0\u8bed\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5148\u5929\u601d\u7ef4\u6765\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u505a\u51fa\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u524d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u501f\u52a9\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e4b\u5916\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5bf9\u5b83\u8fdb\u884c\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u8bfb\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u4fe1\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u8fc8\u51fa\u4e00\u6b65\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u4ed6\u5c31\u4f1a\u76f2\u76ee\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u5f98\u5f8a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u56de\u5230\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u77e5\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u9884\u5148\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u540e\u6765\u62b1\u6028\u4e3b\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u6df1\u6df1\u9677\u5165\u7684\u6666\u6da9\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u969c\u788d\u8fc7\u65e9\u5730\u5931\u53bb\u8010\u5fc3\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u2014\u2014\u8981\u4e48\u7acb\u5373\u653e\u5f03\u8d85\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u884c\u5230\u5e95\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u80fd\u591f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u662f\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5(\u00e0 priori cognitions)\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u8ba4\u77e5\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u611f\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u80fd\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5305\u542b\u7740\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u8303\u7574(categories)\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u8feb\u4f7f\u77e5\u6027\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u611f\u6027\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d1\u73b0\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u6027\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5(conception of cause)\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u5373\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u79cd\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u67d0\u7269A\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897fB\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u73b0\u8c61\u5e94\u8be5\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u5929\u660e\u663e\u7684(\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5148\u5929\u5730\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee4\u4eba\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u7b26\u5408\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u5148\u5929\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u660e\u663e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u7b26\u5408\u77e5\u6027\u4e3a\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65ad\u8a00\u7684\u6839\u636e\u5e76\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff1a\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u601d\u7ef4\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u5904\u4e8e\u5982\u6b64\u6df7\u4e71\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u80fd\u6697\u793a\u7efc\u5408\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1b\u8fd9\u6837\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u7a7a\u6d1e\u3001\u65e0\u6548\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5448\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u8bf4\uff1a"\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u673a\u4f1a\u6765\u62bd\u8c61\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027"\u6765\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6446\u8131\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52b3\u82e6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u5ffd\u89c6\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u4e48\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u62d2\u65a5\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u8981\u6c42\u67d0\u7269A\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff1a\u67d0\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e1c\u897fB\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u3001\u5e76\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u4ece\u5b83\u90a3\u91cc\u4ea7\u751f(follow from)\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u662f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5c0a\u4e25(dignity)\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7b80\u5355\u76f8\u52a0\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u7efc\u5408(dynamical one)\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9644\u52a0\u4e8e\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u539f\u56e0\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u539f\u56e0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5f52\u7eb3\u53ea\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u6bd4\u8f83\u6027\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u5e94\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u628a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5f53\u4f5c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
          1.2.2 \u8f6c\u5411\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece \u00a710<\/h4>\n
          \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
            \n
          1. \u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n
          2. \u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u76ee\u7684<\/li>\n
          3. \u7ecf\u9a8c\u63a8\u5bfc\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/li>\n
          4. \u8303\u7574\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
              \u7efc\u5408\u8868\u8c61(synthetical representation)\u4e0e\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u80fd\u591f\u76f8\u4e92\u4e00\u81f4\u5e76\u5fc5\u7136\u76f8\u5173\u3001\u76f8\u9047\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f7f\u8868\u8c61\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53ea\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5148\u5929\u8868\u8c61\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u4e2d\u53ef\u5f52\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8868\u8c61\u672c\u8eab(\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u8c08\u8bba\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027)\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8868\u8c61\u6765\u8ba4\u77e5\u67d0\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8868\u8c61\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u5177\u6709\u5148\u5929\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
              \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u5bf9\u8c61(\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61)\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u7f8e\u5b66\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u663e\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u80fd\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u5fc5\u7136\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u67d0\u7269\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u4f46\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc5\u7136\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u9884\u8bbe\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\u5960\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5c06\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff1a\u7ecf\u9a8c(\u5c31\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00)\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u5e76\u4e14\u5148\u5929\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n
              \u4e00\u5207\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u88ab\u9047\u5230\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u662f\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u539f\u521d\u9002\u7528\u6027\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u5448\u73b0\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u5c06\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
              \u8457\u540d\u7684\u6d1b\u514b\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u70b9\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5145\u5206\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u8fde\u8d2f\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u8bd5\u56fe\u501f\u52a9\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709\u5148\u5929\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u76f8\u8fde\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u60f3\u5230\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u6210\u4e3a\u5448\u73b0\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u88ab\u8feb\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u4e2d\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u6e90\u4e8e\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8054\u60f3\uff0c\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u8a00\u4ee5\u853d\u4e4b\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ba3\u79f0\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u63a8\u5bfc\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u62e5\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u5373\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n
              \u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u4eba\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u524d\u8005\u4e3a\u8fc7\u5206\u6269\u5f20\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u6247\u5927\u95e8\u2014\u2014(\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u7406\u6027\u4e00\u65e6\u5728\u5176\u4e00\u65b9\u62e5\u6709\u65e0\u53ef\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u542b\u7cca\u7684\u9002\u5ea6\u5efa\u8bae\u6240\u9650\u5236)\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53d1\u73b0\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6253\u7b97\u5c1d\u8bd5\u770b\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u5757\u7901\u77f3\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f15\u5bfc\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u5979\u786e\u5b9a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u4e3a\u5979\u4fdd\u7559\u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n
              \u6211\u5c06\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9884\u5148\u8bf4\u660e\u8303\u7574\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u529f\u80fd\u4e4b\u4e00\u65f6\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u5c06\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u5b9a\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u4e3b\u8bcd\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bcd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u547d\u9898"\u6240\u6709\u7269\u4f53\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u5206\u7684"\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u5c31\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u903b\u8f91\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8bcd\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8c13\u8bcd\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff1a"\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u662f\u7269\u4f53"\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u5f52\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f53\u8303\u7574\u4e4b\u4e0b\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1b\u5b83\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bcd\u800c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u8303\u7574\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
            Section II \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece<\/h4>\n
            1.2.3 \u8bba\u611f\u5b98\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u591a\u6837\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u53ef\u80fd\u6027 \u00a711<\/h4>\n
            \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
              \n
            1. \u611f\u6027\u53ea\u7ed9\u4e88\u591a\u6837\u6027<\/li>\n
            2. \u7ed3\u5408\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6d3b\u52a8<\/li>\n
            3. \u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/li>\n
            4. \u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                \u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u2014\u2014\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u611f\u53d7\u6027(susceptibility)\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u529b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e3b\u4f53\u88ab\u611f\u89e6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u5916\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u5408(conjunction\/conjunctio)\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u611f\u5b98\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5728\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u53d1\u884c\u4e3a(spontaneous act)\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u611f\u6027\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u5408(\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6216\u975e\u611f\u6027\u7684)\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u51e0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7ed9\u4e88\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7efc\u5408(synthesis)\u7684\u603b\u79f0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7531\u6b64\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u5148\u5c06\u67d0\u7269\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5fc3\u7075\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u4e3b\u4f53\u81ea\u8eab\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u7eaf\u7cb9\u81ea\u53d1\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8bfb\u8005\u4f1a\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u672c\u6027\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u5408\u90fd\u540c\u6837\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u9884\u8bbe\u7ed3\u5408\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u5148\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u89e3\u6216\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u88ab\u77e5\u6027\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u4f9b\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n
                \u4f46\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u9664\u4e86\u5305\u542b\u591a\u6837\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(unity)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002[15]\u7ed3\u5408\u662f\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0d\u80fd\u6e90\u4e8e(arise out of)\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u591a\u6837\u6027\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u8303\u7574(\u00a76)\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u8303\u7574\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6709\u4e86\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u8303\u7574\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u5904\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d28\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u00a78)\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u90a3\u5305\u542b\u7740\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u6982\u5ff5\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6839\u636e\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5305\u542b\u7740\u77e5\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6839\u636e\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5c31\u5176\u903b\u8f91\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u8a00\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
              \n
              [15] \u8868\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u540c\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u5206\u6790\u5730\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u591a\u6837\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u603b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u79cd(\u53ef\u80fd\u7684)\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
              1.2.4 \u8bba\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027 \u00a712<\/h4>\n
              \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                \n
              1. \u7eaf\u7cb9\u7edf\u89c9<\/li>\n
              2. \u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/li>\n
              3. \u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/li>\n
              4. \u5206\u6790\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                  "\u6211\u601d"(I think)\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u4f34\u968f\u6211\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c06\u4f1a\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u5728\u6211\u4e4b\u4e2d\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u8c61\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u81f3\u5c11\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u601d\u7ef4\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6240\u6709\u591a\u6837\u6027\u6216\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684"\u6211\u601d"\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a"\u6211\u601d"\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a(act of spontaneity)\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u3002\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7edf\u89c9(pure apperception)\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7edf\u89c9\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff1b\u6216\u79f0\u4e3a\u539f\u59cb\u7edf\u89c9(primitive apperception)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5728\u4ea7\u751f"\u6211\u601d"\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u4f34\u968f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u6240\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8868\u8c61\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u3002\u6211\u79f0\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e3a\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(transcendental unity of self-consciousness)\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u660e\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u591a\u6837\u8868\u8c61\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61(\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u610f\u8bc6\u5230)\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u5171\u540c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u4e00\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u539f\u521d\u7ed3\u5408\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
                  \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u666e\u904d\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u5305\u542b\u7740\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f34\u968f\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u96f6\u6563\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7528\u610f\u8bc6\u4f34\u968f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u8fde\u63a5\u5404\u79cd\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u8868\u8c61\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(analytical unity)\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002[16]"\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e"\u6211\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7edf\u4e00\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u80fd\u591f\u8fd9\u6837\u7edf\u4e00\u5b83\u4eec"\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u624d\u79f0\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6211\u5c06\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf\u6211\u6240\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e00\u6837\u591a\u5f69\u591a\u6837\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7edf\u89c9\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u4f46\u8868\u8c61\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u4ece\u5bf9\u8c61\u90a3\u91cc\u501f\u6765\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u89c9\u88ab\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u77e5\u6027\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7ed3\u5408\u5e76\u5c06\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5e26\u5165\u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
                  > [16]\u6240\u6709\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7ea2\u8272\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u7531\u6b64\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u67d0\u5904\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u6216\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u8c61\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6027\u8d28(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u6807\u8bb0)\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u5148\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u624d\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u5206\u6790\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8c61\u6240\u5171\u6709\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u8868\u8c61\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540c\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u9884\u5148\u5728\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6211\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u601d\u8003\u4f7f\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5171\u76f8(conceptas communis)\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u70b9\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5305\u62ec\u6574\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5b83\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u5c31\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n
                  \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edf\u89c9\u5fc5\u7136\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff1b\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u591a\u6837\u6027\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u5408\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u591a\u6837\u6027\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u53ea\u80fd\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u611f\u6027\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u5176\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4e0e\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u591a\u6837\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u79f0\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(original synthetical unity of apperception)\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u90fd\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u624d\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
                1.2.5 \u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u77e5\u6027\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219 \u00a713<\/h4>\n
                \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                  \n
                1. \u611f\u6027\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/li>\n
                2. \u610f\u8bc6\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n
                3. \u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u8d28<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                    \u6839\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u76f4\u89c2\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u76f4\u89c2\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002[17]\u6240\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u8868\u8c61\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed3\u5408\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u6216\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u5177\u6709"\u6211\u601d"\u7684\u7edf\u89c9\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u88ab\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
                  \n
                  [17]\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002(\u53c2\u89c1\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba)\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u540c\u6837\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5305\u542b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u590d\u5408\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u539f\u521d\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u8d28\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002(\u53c2\u89c1\u00a721)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                    \u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u80fd\u529b(faculty of cognitions)\u3002\u8ba4\u77e5\u5728\u4e8e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5f97\u5230\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8868\u8c61\u5173\u8054\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027(objective validity)\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002 <\/p>\n
                    \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8fd0\u7528\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u5219\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1b\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u7269(\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u6761\u7ebf)\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u753b\u51fa\u5b83\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u7ed9\u5b9a\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u8fd9\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u540c\u65f6\u5c31\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(\u5728\u7ebf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d)\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61(\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4)\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u662f\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6211\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
                    \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u6709\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed9\u5b9a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u4f7f\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u540c\u4e00\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7"\u6211\u601d"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u89c9\u4e2d\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u7edf\u4e00\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n
                    \u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u90fd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u6709\u6548\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7edf\u89c9\u5728"\u6211\u601d"\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u4e88\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u8868\u8c61\u4f7f\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u884c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u610f\u8bc6\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5219\u7edd\u5bf9\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u6027\u6240\u6709\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f62\u6210\u5173\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                  1.2.6 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u7edf\u4e00\u6027 \u00a714<\/h4>\n
                  \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                    \n
                  1. \u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00<\/li>\n
                  2. \u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5076\u7136\u6027<\/li>\n
                  3. \u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                      \u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(transcendental unity of apperception)\uff0c\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u6240\u6709\u591a\u6837\u6027\u624d\u88ab\u7edf\u4e00\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(subjective unity of consciousness)\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u5185\u611f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u7ed9\u4e88\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u6211\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u6216\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8868\u8c61\u5173\u8054(association of representations)\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u7ed9\u5b9a\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u662f\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u539f\u521d\u610f\u8bc6\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0e"\u6211\u601d"\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408(pure synthesis)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
                      \u53ea\u6709\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u624d\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u7684(objectively valid)\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4ece\u524d\u8005\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027(subjective validity)\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5219\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6240\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
                    1.2.7 \u6240\u6709\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u542b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u7edf\u4e00\u6027 \u00a715<\/h4>\n
                    \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                      \n
                    1. \u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u903b\u8f91\u5224\u65ad\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u8bc4<\/li>\n
                    2. \u5224\u65ad\u4e0e\u7edf\u89c9\u5ba2\u89c2\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n
                    3. \u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                        \u6211\u4ece\u672a\u5bf9\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u5b9a\u4e49\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u6211\u5728\u6b64\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8be6\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u8a00\u5224\u65ad(categorical judgements)\u800c\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5047\u8a00\u5224\u65ad(hypothetical judgements)\u6216\u9009\u8a00\u5224\u65ad(disjunctive judgements)\uff0c\u540e\u4e24\u8005\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u826f\u540e\u679c\u3002[18]\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
                      \n
                      [18]\u5173\u4e8e\u56db\u79cd\u63a8\u7406\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u7e41\u7410\u5b66\u8bf4\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u5b9a\u8a00\u63a8\u7406\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5077\u5077\u5730\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u76f4\u63a5\u63a8\u8bba(consequentiae immediatae)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u6bd4\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\u5f0f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5047\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4f7f\u5b9a\u8a00\u5224\u65ad\u83b7\u5f97\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u53c2\u7167\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u5de7\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d6\u5f97\u591a\u5927\u6210\u529f\u2014\u2014\u7136\u800c\u6839\u636e\u00a75\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u8bf4\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                        \u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u66f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0e\u6839\u636e\u518d\u751f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b(reproductive imagination)\u7684\u6cd5\u5219(\u8fd9\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027)\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u5224\u65ad\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5c06\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8ba4\u77e5\u5e26\u5165\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u8bcd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e0e\u4e3b\u89c2\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u539f\u521d\u7edf\u89c9(original apperception)\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u5224\u65ad"\u6240\u6709\u7269\u4f53\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u91cd\u91cf\u7684"\u4e2d\u3002\u6211\u7684\u610f\u601d\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5f7c\u6b64\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5f7c\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5f7c\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(transcendental unity of apperception)\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u5219\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u540c\u6837\u8868\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u2014\u2014\u540e\u8005\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8054\u60f3\u6cd5\u5219(laws of association)\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8054\u60f3\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\uff1a"\u5f53\u6211\u624b\u6301\u6216\u642c\u8fd0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u91cd\u91cf\u7684\u5370\u8c61"\uff1b\u4f46\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\uff1a"\u5b83\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u91cd\u91cf\u7684"\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u7b49\u4e8e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u6211\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u89c9\u884c\u4e3a\u91cd\u590d\u591a\u5c11\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n
                      1.2.8 \u6240\u6709\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6761\u4ef6 \u00a716<\/h4>\n
                      \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                        \n
                      1. \u76f4\u89c2 \u2192 \u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/li>\n
                      2. \u7edf\u4e00\u4f5c\u7528 \u2192 \u5224\u65ad\u529f\u80fd<\/li>\n
                      3. \u5224\u65ad\u529f\u80fd \u2192 \u8303\u7574<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                        \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                          \u5728\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\u5fc5\u7136\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(original synthetical unity of apperception)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684(\u00a713)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61(\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u8fd8\u662f\u6982\u5ff5)\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\u5f52\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u89c9\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u529f\u80fd(logical function of judgements)(\u00a715)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u901a\u8fc7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u529f\u80fd\u800c\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u5b83\u88ab\u5e26\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8303\u7574(categories)\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u7ed9\u5b9a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u5173\u800c\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684(\u00a79)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5fc5\u7136\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/p>\n
                        1.2.9 \u89c2\u5bdf \u00a717<\/h4>\n
                        \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                          \n
                        1. \u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n
                        2. \u77e5\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n
                        3. \u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                            \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408(synthesis of the understanding)\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8303\u7574\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002[19]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5148\u5929\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u540c\u6837\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u5305\u542b\u7740\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u6211\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u4e2d\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u901a\u8fc7\u8303\u7574\u5e26\u5165\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u6587(\u00a722)\u4e2d\u5c06\u4f1a\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4ece\u611f\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u4e2d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u6b63\u662f\u8303\u7574(\u6839\u636e\u00a716)\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u786e\u7acb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
                          \n
                          [19]\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bc1\u660e\u4f9d\u636e\u4e8e\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u603b\u662f\u5305\u542b\u7740\u8981\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u540e\u8005\u4e0e\u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                            \u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u8981\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u800c\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5728\u6b64\u4ecd\u7136\u672a\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u77e5\u6027(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u5723\u7684\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u5df2\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6216\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u6765)\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8303\u7574\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u77e5\u6027\uff1a\u5176\u5168\u90e8\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u4e8e\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u5c06\u4ece\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u6765\u6e90\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u5b83\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u5b89\u6392\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5373\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u5b83\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f46\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u79cd\u7c7b\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u8303\u7574\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5148\u5929\u7684\u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u6070\u597d\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e00\u6837\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
                          1.2.10 \u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5176\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u00a718<\/h4>\n
                          \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                            \n
                          1. \u8ba4\u77e5\u9700\u8981\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7ed3\u5408<\/li>\n
                          2. \u4eba\u7c7b\u53ea\u80fd\u6709\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2<\/li>\n
                          3. \u8303\u7574\u53ea\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                            \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                              \u601d\u8003(think)\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5(cognize)\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002\u8ba4\u77e5\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(\u8303\u7574)\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c31\u6211\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u6211\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u90fd\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684(sensuous)\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n
                              \u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2(\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4)\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u89c9(sensation)\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61(phenomena)\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u7531\u6b64\u786e\u7acb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6570\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8bbe\u5b58\u5728\u53ea\u80fd\u7b26\u5408\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u77e5\u89c9(\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u8868\u8c61)\u65f6\u624d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
                              \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u65f6(\u5982\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d)\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f4\u89c2(\u56e0\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5)\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u624d\u4ea7\u751f\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5373\u4f7f\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u624d\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u53ea\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c(experience)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5176\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
                            1.2.11 \u00a719<\/h4>\n
                            \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                              \n
                            1. \u7a7a\u95f4\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8303\u56f4<\/li>\n
                            2. \u8303\u7574\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u666e\u904d\u6027<\/li>\n
                            3. \u975e\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u56f0\u5883<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                              \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                                \u524d\u8ff0\u547d\u9898\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba(transcendental \u00e6sthetic)\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u754c\u9650\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u6709\u6548\u6027\u4e0d\u8d85\u51fa\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u8d85\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u611f\u6027\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u3002\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u53d7\u8fd9\u79cd\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u8d85\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6269\u5c55\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u597d\u5904\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u90a3\u65f6\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7a7a\u6d1e\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f(forms of thought)\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(\u8fd9\u662f\u8303\u7574\u552f\u4e00\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f)\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\u7684\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u624d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u5b83\u4eec\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u542b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n
                                \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u90a3\u4e9b\u5305\u542b\u5728"\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8c13\u8bcd\u6765\u8868\u8c61\u5b83\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5ef6\u5c55\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u4e0d\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff1b\u5b83\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\uff1b\u5728\u5b83\u4e4b\u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u53d8\u5316(\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c)\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u5b83\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u7574(category)\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u3002\u4ee5\u5b9e\u4f53(substance)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5373\u67d0\u79cd\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8bcd\u800c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8c13\u8bcd\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1b\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6211\u63d0\u4f9b\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u80fd\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u89c4\u5b9a\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u6587\u8be6\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n
                              1.2.12 \u8bba\u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5e94\u7528 \u00a720<\/h4>\n
                              \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                                \n
                              1. \u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408<\/li>\n
                              2. \u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u4e0e\u518d\u751f\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b<\/li>\n
                              3. \u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e0e\u7edf\u89c9<\/li>\n
                              4. \u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u6027\u8d28<\/li>\n
                              5. \u65f6\u7a7a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/li>\n
                              6. \u5185\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                                  \u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\u81ea\u8eab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f(forms of thought)\uff0c\u4ec5\u51ed\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba4\u77e5\u4efb\u4f55\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6216\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684(transcendental)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684(purely intellectual)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u529b(\u611f\u6027)\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u77e5\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5148\u5929\u5730\u601d\u8003\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u7136\u670d\u4ece\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u601d\u7ef4\u5f62\u5f0f\u83b7\u5f97\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61(phenomena)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u6709\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n
                                  \u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u662f\u5148\u5929\u5730\u53ef\u80fd\u4e14\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408(synthesis speciosa)\uff0c\u4ee5\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u8303\u7574\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u6216\u7ed3\u5408(synthesis intellectualis)\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6784\u6210\u5176\u4ed6\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
                                  \u4f46\u662f\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u53ea\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u5728\u8303\u7574\u4e2d\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408(transcendental synthesis of imagination)\u3002\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u662f\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u573a\u4e5f\u80fd\u8868\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u90fd\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7531\u4e8e\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5e94\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5c31\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50cf\u611f\u89c9\u90a3\u6837\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u53ef\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5148\u5929\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5b9a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u6309\u7167\u8303\u7574\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u7efc\u5408\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u5bf9\u611f\u6027\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u8be5\u80fd\u529b\u5176\u4ed6\u529f\u80fd\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7531\u77e5\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u501f\u52a9\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u662f\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b(productive imagination)\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u518d\u751f\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b(reproductive imagination)\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5b8c\u5168\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5373\u8054\u60f3\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u65e0\u6240\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n
                                  \u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5230\u8fbe\u4e86\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8bba\u8ff0\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u65f6(\u00a76)\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5f15\u8d77\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u5b98\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u8868\u8c61\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5411\u81ea\u5df1\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u5185\u5728\u5730\u89e6\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u7edf\u89c9\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u5219\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u533a\u5206\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n
                                  \u51b3\u5b9a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u662f\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u7ed3\u5408\u76f4\u89c2\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u539f\u521d\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5e26\u5165\u7edf\u89c9\u4e4b\u4e0b(\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c31\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u4e0a)\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u884c\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u7ed3\u5408\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5c31\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u79bb\u5f00\u611f\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u5b83\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408(transcendental synthesis of imagination)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u4e0b\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u4e3b\u4f53\u65bd\u52a0\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u7edf\u89c9\u53ca\u5176\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e0e\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002\u524d\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u4ee5\u8303\u7574\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7efc\u5408\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7531\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u884c\u4e3a(\u77e5\u6027\u5bf9\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5f71\u54cd)\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408(figurative synthesis)\u3002<\/p>\n
                                  \u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u603b\u80fd\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u89c9\u5bdf\u5230\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u753b\u51fa\u4e00\u6761\u7ebf\u5c31\u601d\u8003\u51e0\u4f55\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u63cf\u7ed8\u5c31\u8868\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u5706\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u4ece\u540c\u4e00\u70b9\u753b\u51fa\u4e09\u6761\u76f8\u4e92\u5782\u76f4\u7684\u7ebf\u5c31\u8868\u8c61\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5728\u753b\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf(\u8fd9\u8981\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5916\u5728\u5f62\u8c61\u8868\u8c61)\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u7ee7\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u6027\u3002\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a(\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a)[20]\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u7a7a\u95f4\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6ce8\u610f\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u5b9a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u7ee7\u8d77\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u51b3\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u5b98\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u5b83\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c"\u601d\u8003\u7684\u6211"\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c2\u81ea\u8eab\u7684"\u6211"\u6709\u6240\u533a\u522b(\u5176\u4ed6\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684)\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u4e3b\u4f53\u800c\u4e0e\u540e\u8005\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\uff1a"\u6211\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u6027\u548c\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ed9\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u662f\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u73b0\u8c61\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u88ab\u77e5\u6027\u6240\u8003\u8651\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u6240\u663e\u73b0\u7684"\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e"\u6211\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1f"\u6216\u8005"\u6211\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u5185\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1f"\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8003\u8651\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u8c61\u65f6\u95f4(\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61)\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u753b\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u7ebf\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u8c61\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba4\u77e5\u5176\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u77e5\u89c9\u5230\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u6216\u65f6\u70b9\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u5168\u6309\u7167\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b89\u6392\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u540c\u6837\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5b89\u6392\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u5173\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u5916\u5728\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u76f4\u89c2\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5185\u5728\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002[21]<\/p>\n
                                \n
                                [20]\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u53ef\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f97\u77e5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u88ab\u8003\u8651\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u5bf9\u5916\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u7ee7\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n
                                [21]\u6211\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u4e8e\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u53d7\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4f1a\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u6240\u601d\u8003\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7ed3\u5408\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u7ed3\u5408\u7b26\u5408\u4e8e\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u8eab\u4e0a\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u5fc3\u7075\u901a\u5e38\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u5230\u591a\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                1.2.13 \u00a721<\/h4>\n
                                \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                                  \n
                                1. \u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n
                                2. \u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6761\u4ef6<\/li>\n
                                3. \u667a\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                  \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                                    \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u5411\u81ea\u5df1\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230"\u6211\u5b58\u5728"(I am)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4f7f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u591a\u6837\u6027\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u73b0\u8c61(\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u5e7b\u8c61)\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a[22]\u53ea\u80fd\u6309\u7167\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6211\u5728\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5bf9\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4e4b\u6240\u662f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u5411\u81ea\u5df1\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6(consciousness of self)\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5(knowledge of self)\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u89c9\u4e2d\u7ed3\u5408\u591a\u6837\u6027\u6765\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u822c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u601d\u7ef4(\u5728\u8303\u7574\u4e2d)\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u6216\u8005\u6211\u601d\u8003\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u6211\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u6027\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u667a\u6027\u53ea\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u6216\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u667a\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u6211\u7684\u667a\u6027(\u5373\u6211)\u53ea\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u4f7f\u90a3\u79cd\u7ed3\u5408\u6216\u7efc\u5408\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5b8c\u5168\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u8ba4\u77e5\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5411\u81ea\u5df1\u663e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u8bdd\u5b83\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u77e5\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n
                                  \n
                                  [22]"\u6211\u601d"(I think)\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u89c4\u5b9a\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u610f\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\uff1b\u4f46\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u89c4\u5b9a\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u5b89\u7f6e\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u53ef\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u8005\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u5728\u89c4\u5b9a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u524d\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u8005(\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027)\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed9\u4e88\u53ef\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u8005\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u628a\u6211\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u7684\u53ef\u89c4\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u50cf\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                  1.2.14 \u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece \u00a722<\/h4>\n
                                  \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                                    \n
                                  1. \u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528\u6027<\/li>\n
                                  2. \u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n
                                  3. \u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                    \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                                      \u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6f14\u7ece\u4e2d\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8d77\u6e90\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\uff1b\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8303\u7574\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027(\u00a716\u548c\u00a717)\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u901a\u8fc7\u8303\u7574\u5148\u5929\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5b83\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed3\u5408\u6216\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f7f\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u8303\u7574\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u5148\u5929\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                      \u6211\u9996\u5148\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u7efc\u5408(synthesis of apprehension)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u5373\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61)\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
                                      \u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u5916\u5728\u548c\u5185\u5728\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u628a\u63e1\u7efc\u5408\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u7b26\u5408\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7efc\u5408\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4f46\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u76f4\u89c2(\u5305\u542b\u7740\u591a\u6837\u6027)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5305\u542b\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u300223<\/a>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u90e8\u6216\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u662f\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f4\u89c2\u4e00\u8d77(\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f4\u89c2\u4e4b\u4e2d)\u5148\u5929\u5730\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u539f\u521d\u610f\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6839\u636e\u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u77e5\u89c9\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8303\u7574\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5148\u5929\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                                    \n
                                    [23]\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4(\u6b63\u5982\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u771f\u6b63\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u90a3\u6837)\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7740\u6839\u636e\u611f\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f4\u89c2\u7ed9\u4e88\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u5728\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(\u77e5\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u611f\u6027)\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u624d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f4\u89c2\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(\u00a720)\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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                                    [24]\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u8fd9\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684)\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u7b26\u5408\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u8fd9\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5305\u542b\u5728\u8303\u7574\u4e2d)\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4ee5\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                      \u4e3e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u77e5\u89c9\u6c34\u7684\u7ed3\u51b0\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u628a\u63e1\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001(\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u56fa\u4f53\u6027)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5f7c\u6b64\u5904\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6211\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u800c\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u6211\u8868\u8c61\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684(\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u6027)\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u5728\u5176\u4e0b\u7ed3\u5408\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u6211\u7684\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u5f62\u5f0f(\u5373\u65f6\u95f4)\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\uff0c\u5f53\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6211\u7684\u611f\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u6839\u636e\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e00\u5207\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8b\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
                                      \u8303\u7574\u662f\u5148\u5929\u5730\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u89c4\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u603b\u4f53(natura materialiter spectata)\u89c4\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u65e2\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u6d3e\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u8c03\u8282\u81ea\u5df1(\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684)\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e48\u81ea\u7136\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u8c03\u8282\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u5148\u5929\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u4e0d\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c1c\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5982\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n
                                      \u8bbe\u60f3\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u6cd5\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5176\u7ed3\u5408\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u2014\u2014\u76f8\u8c10\u548c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u5fc5\u987b\u7b26\u5408\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5219\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6cd5\u5219\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u6240\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u73b0\u8c61\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b58\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u611f\u5b98\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u5177\u6709\u7b26\u5408\u6cd5\u5219\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u8ba4\u77e5\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u73b0\u8c61\u53ea\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u5728\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed3\u5408\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7ed3\u5408\u80fd\u529b\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u7075\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u4e3a\u5176\u8d21\u732e\u77e5\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u611f\u6027\u5219\u8d21\u732e\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u65e2\u7136\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\u672c\u8eab\u53c8\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u663e\u7136\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u5207\u80fd\u591f\u8fbe\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u7ed3\u5408\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\u3002\u800c\u81ea\u7136(\u4ec5\u4ec5\u88ab\u8003\u8651\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u81ea\u7136)\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u7b26\u5408\u6cd5\u5219\u6027\u7684\u539f\u521d\u6839\u636e(\u4f5c\u4e3anatura formaliter spectata)\u3002\u4f46\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u80fd\u529b\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8303\u7574\u5148\u5929\u5730\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u89c4\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ba3\u5e03\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u81ea\u7136\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7b26\u5408\u6cd5\u5219\u6027\u3002\u7279\u6b8a\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u5b83\u4eec\u6d89\u53ca\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6cd5\u5219\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u6dfb\u52a0\u7ecf\u9a8c\u624d\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u6cd5\u5219\uff1b\u4f46\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3a\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5148\u5929\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u6307\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n
                                    1.2.15 \u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u7ed3\u679c \u00a723<\/h4>\n
                                    \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                                      \n
                                    1. \u8303\u7574\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/li>\n
                                    2. \u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u9650\u5ea6<\/li>\n
                                    3. \u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u603b\u7ed3<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                      \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                                        \u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u8303\u7574\u5c31\u601d\u8003\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5c31\u8ba4\u77e5\u4efb\u4f55\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u90fd\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002[25]<\/p>\n
                                      \n
                                      [25]\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u6211\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65ad\u8a00\u4e0a\u7eca\u5012\uff0c\u5e76\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8349\u7387\u5730\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u9192\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7edd\u4e0d\u53d7\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u9886\u57df\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5bf9\u601d\u7ef4\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u624d\u9700\u8981\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u8fd0\u7528\u7406\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u548c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fd0\u7528\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u4e5f\u6307\u5411\u4e3b\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                        \u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u9650\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u65ad\u8a00\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5148\u5929\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u60f3\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u548c\u8c10\u3002\u8981\u4e48\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6982\u5ff5\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8303\u7574(\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2)\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u65ad\u8a00\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8d77\u6e90\u4f1a\u5c06\u67d0\u79cd\u81ea\u53d1\u751f\u6210(generatio aequivoca)\u5f52\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u91c7\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u9009\u62e9(\u8fd9\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u540e\u6210\u8bf4(epigenesis)\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb)\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u786e\u5b9e\u5305\u542b\u7740\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6839\u636e\u3002\u4f46\u5173\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u539f\u5219\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u5173\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u8fd0\u7528\u5c06\u544a\u77e5\u8bfb\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        \u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9884\u6210\u8bf4(preformation-system)\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u9053\u8def\u2014\u2014\u5373\u8303\u7574\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7684\u548c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6d3e\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u690d\u5165\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u601d\u7ef4\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u503e\u5411\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\u5982\u6b64\u5b89\u6392\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u4e0e\u8c03\u8282\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u548c\u8c10\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u8bf4\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8bf4\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u9884\u5b9a\u7684\u503e\u5411\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u70b9\u4e0a\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u90a3\u79cd\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5728\u9884\u8bbe\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u7edf\u4e00\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u2014\u2014"\u7ed3\u679c\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u4e0e\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u76f8\u8fde(\u5373\u5fc5\u7136\u5730)"\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\uff0c"\u6211\u7684\u6784\u6210\u4f7f\u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002"\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u8005\u6240\u8981\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5e7b\u8c61\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7f3a\u5c11\u5426\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5b83\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4e89\u8bba\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5176\u4e3b\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        \u4ee5\u4e0a\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u7b80\u8981\u56de\u987e<\/p>\n
                                        \u524d\u8ff0\u6f14\u7ece\u662f\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5(\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5)\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u539f\u5219\u2014\u2014\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u4ece\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\u51fa\u53d1\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u611f\u6027\u7684\u539f\u521d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        \u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e3a\u6b62\u624d\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6309\u6bb5\u843d\u5206\u8282\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6807\u793a\u7ae0\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n
                                      \u4e8c\u3001\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8bba<\/h2>\n
                                        \u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91(general logic)\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5212\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u662f\uff1a\u77e5\u6027(understanding)\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u529b(judgement)\u548c\u7406\u6027(reason)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u5176\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u4e2d\u4f9d\u6b21\u5904\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u77e5\u6027\u8fd9\u4e2a\u603b\u79f0\u6240\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u5b8c\u5168\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        \u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f(\u63a8\u8bba\u8ba4\u77e5(discursive cognition))\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5176\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u8303(canon)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u5176\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u5219\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u6240\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5206\u6790\u7406\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8bf8\u73af\u8282\u800c\u5148\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        \u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91(transcendental logic)\u7531\u4e8e\u9650\u5b9a\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5212\u5206\u4e0a\u6a21\u4eff\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u8fd0\u7528\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u771f\u7406\u7684\u903b\u8f91(\u5373\u5206\u6790\u8bba)\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e7b\u76f8\u7684\u903b\u8f91(logic of illusion)\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u9662\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4ee5\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u8bba(transcendental dialectic)\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5360\u636e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3001\u56e0\u800c\u771f\u5b9e\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u8be5\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u7406\u6027\u5728\u5176\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u5929\u624b\u6bb5\u8fbe\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u771f\u5b9e\u9648\u8ff0\u5e76\u5c06\u8ba4\u77e5\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u754c\u9650\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7684(dialectic)\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u865a\u5e7b\u65ad\u8a00\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6784\u9020\u6210\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u6240\u5e94\u5f53\u5305\u542b\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u5c06\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5bfc\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5305\u542b\u7740\u786e\u7acb\u5148\u5929\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bf8\u7ae0\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6559\u4e49(Doctrine of the faculty of judgement)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u6211\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                      2.1 \u5bfc\u8bba\uff1a\u8bba\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/h3>\n
                                      \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
                                        \n
                                      1. \u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n
                                      2. \u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/li>\n
                                      3. \u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6559\u4e49<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                        \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
                                          \u5982\u679c\u5c06\u77e5\u6027\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5219\u6216\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u6444(subsumption)\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u533a\u5206\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u662f\u5426\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ed9\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0ccasus datae legis)\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u6307\u793a\u6216\u6559\u8bf2\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5b83\u552f\u4e00\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u5206\u6790\u5730\u9610\u660e\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8fd0\u7528\u5efa\u7acb\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u60f3\u8981\u7ed9\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u6444\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u533a\u5206\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u662f\u5426\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u53c8\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u77e5\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u89c4\u5219\u5f97\u5230\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u4f46\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u624d\u80fd\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ec3\u4e60\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u6bcd\u667a(mother wit)\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f25\u8865\u5b83\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                          \u56e0\u4e3a\u867d\u7136\u6559\u80b2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5ac1\u63a5\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u786e\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5fc5\u987b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u672c\u4eba\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6216\u4e0d\u8db3\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u5219\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e0d\u88ab\u8bef\u7528\u3002[26]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u533b\u751f\u3001\u6cd5\u5b98\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee4\u4eba\u94a6\u4f69\u7684\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u65f6\u4ed6\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u72af\u9519\u2014\u2014\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b(\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u77e5\u6027)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u62bd\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u666e\u904d\u8005\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u5f53\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u524d\u8005\uff1b\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4f8b\u5b50\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u5b9e\u8df5\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7684\u953b\u70bc\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u800c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7528\u5904\u5c31\u662f\u953b\u70bc\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c31\u77e5\u6027\u6d1e\u5bdf\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u548c\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f8b\u5b50\u901a\u5e38\u5f0a\u5927\u4e8e\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u672f\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5(casus in terminis)\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u5c11\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u6ee1\u8db3\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u524a\u5f31\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u89c4\u5219\u6216\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u5f0f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u5219\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u5b66\u6b65\u8f66\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5929\u751f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        \n
                                        [26]\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u6b63\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u611a\u949d\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7f3a\u9677\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8865\u6551\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdf\u949d\u6216\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9002\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u5bfc\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u5f97\u4e0a\u535a\u5b66\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7ecf\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u6781\u5176\u535a\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u53ef\u8865\u6551\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                          \u4f46\u662f\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u6765\u8bf4\u60c5\u51b5\u5374\u5f88\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u804c\u8d23\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u4fdd\u8bc1\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u8fd0\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6269\u5c55\u77e5\u6027\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u6bd4\u65e0\u7528\u66f4\u7cdf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d6\u5f97\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\u7684\u9519\u8bef(lapsus judicii)\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u8fd0\u7528\u5176\u6240\u6709\u7684\u654f\u9510\u6027\u548c\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u7528\u9014\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                          \u4f46\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff1a\u9664\u4e86\u6307\u51fa\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5148\u5929\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u89c4\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u4f18\u4e8e\u9664\u6570\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u5b83\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u540e\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b83\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u666e\u904d\u4f46\u5145\u5206\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u5bf9\u8c61\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u53ea\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
                                          \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u5b66\u8bf4\u5c06\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u7ae0\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u5c06\u8bba\u8ff0\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u5373\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u8bba(schematism)\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u5c06\u8bba\u8ff0\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4ece\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5148\u5929\u5730\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u8bba\u8ff0\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
                                        2.2 \u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u5b66\u8bf4 \u6216 \u539f\u5219\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8bba<\/h3>\n
                                        2.2 Chapter I \u8bba\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u8bba<\/h3>\n
                                        \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
                                          \n
                                        1. \u8303\u7574\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61<\/li>\n
                                        2. \u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n
                                        3. \u56fe\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/li>\n
                                        4. \u5404\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u56fe\u5f0f<\/li>\n
                                        5. \u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u8d28<\/li>\n
                                        6. \u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                          \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
                                            \u5728\u6240\u6709\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f52\u6444\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u6982\u5ff5\u540c\u8d28(homogeneous)\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u5305\u542b\u88ab\u5f52\u6444\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u6240\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f"\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0b"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76d8\u5b50\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u5706\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u540c\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u524d\u8005\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5706\u5f62\u5728\u540e\u8005\u4e2d\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u4f46\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u4e00\u822c\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5f02\u8d28\u7684(heterogeneous)\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u540e\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5f52\u6444\u4e8e\u524d\u8005\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8303\u7574\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u5462\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a"\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5b98\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u5e76\u5305\u542b\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u3002"\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u5148\u9a8c\u5b66\u8bf4\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u663e\u793a\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u601d\u8003\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u4e2d\u8868\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u8fd9\u91cc\u90a3\u6837\u4e0d\u540c\u548c\u5f02\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5bf9\u524d\u8005\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u73b0\u5728\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u67d0\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\u540c\u8d28\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u540c\u8d28\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u524d\u8005\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8868\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684(\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5185\u5bb9)\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u56fe\u5f0f(transcendental schema)\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5305\u542b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u89c4\u5b9a\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\u540c\u8d28\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u6784\u6210\u5176\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5e76\u4e14\u4f9d\u636e\u4e8e\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u53c8\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u540c\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u5305\u542b\u5728\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u901a\u8fc7\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u89c4\u5b9a\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e2d\u4ecb\u4e86\u540e\u8005\u5bf9\u524d\u8005\u7684\u5f52\u6444\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u51b3\u5b9a\u72b9\u8c6b\u4e0d\u51b3\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u5e94\u8be5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u4e5f\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u80fd\u591f\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u8981\u4e48\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u81f3\u5c11\u5bf9\u6784\u6210\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u8303\u7574\u4e2d\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u529f\u80fd\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u5305\u542b\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6(\u5373\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u53c8\u5305\u542b\u8303\u7574\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5176\u8fd0\u7528\u4e2d\u53d7\u9650\u7684\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u548c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u77e5\u6027\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u56fe\u5f0f\u672c\u8eab\u59cb\u7ec8\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u611f\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u56fe\u5f0f\u660e\u663e\u5730\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5f62\u8c61\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u653e\u7f6e\u4e94\u4e2a\u70b9....\u8fd9\u662f\u6570\u5b57\u4e94\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e94\u6216\u4e00\u767e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u8003\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u5f62\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u6839\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5f62\u8c61\u4e2d\u8868\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u548c(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u5343)\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u8c61\u6211\u5728\u56de\u987e\u548c\u4e0e\u6982\u5ff5\u6bd4\u8f83\u65f6\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u79f0\u8fd9\u79cd\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u5448\u73b0\u5176\u5f62\u8c61\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7eaf\u7cb9\u611f\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56fe\u5f0f\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u8c61\u80fd\u591f\u5145\u5206\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u76f4\u89d2\u7684\u3001\u9510\u89d2\u7684\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u5f62\u8c61\u603b\u662f\u9650\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u53ea\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u793a\u4e86\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7eaf\u7cb9\u56fe\u5f62\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u66f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u603b\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\u89c4\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u72d7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6307\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u56db\u8db3\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u6211\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8868\u8c61\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u53ca\u5176\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fe\u5f0f\u8bba\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u6df1\u5904\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u56f0\u96be\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u63ed\u793a\u5176\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\uff1a"\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u2014\u2014\u611f\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f(\u4f8b\u5982\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u56fe\u5f62)\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u5e76\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u5b83\uff0c\u5f62\u8c61\u9996\u5148\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u8c61\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u6307\u793a\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u4e0e\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002"\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u7531\u8303\u7574\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u4e8e\u6839\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u9a8c\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ea7\u7269\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f(\u65f6\u95f4)\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u8fdb\u5165\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u67af\u71e5\u4e4f\u5473\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7acb\u5373\u6309\u7167\u8303\u7574\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u5730\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u91cf(quantorum)\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1b\u4e00\u822c\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u91cf(quantitatis)\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u8c61\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u76f8\u7ee7\u6dfb\u52a0(\u540c\u8d28\u91cf)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6570\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5728\u540c\u8d28\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u5728\u628a\u63e1\u76f4\u89c2\u65f6\u751f\u6210\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5b9e\u5728\u6027(Reality)\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728(\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d)\u3002\u5426\u5b9a\u6027(Negation)\u662f\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5b58\u5728(\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d)\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u586b\u5145\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u865a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7531\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u53ea\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u8d28\u6599(\u4e8b\u7269\u6027\uff0creality)\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u611f\u89c9\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6216\u91cf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6216\u91cf\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5730\u586b\u5145\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\u586b\u5145\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5b83\u6d88\u5931\u4e8e\u65e0(= 0 = negatio)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4ece\u524d\u8005\u5230\u540e\u8005\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\uff1b\u800c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u67d0\u7269\u5728\u586b\u5145\u65f6\u95f4\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4e14\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u751f\u6210\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u4ece\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u5176\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ece\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u9010\u6e10\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u5176\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6301\u5b58\u6027\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u5e95\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u3002(\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u6d41\u901d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6d41\u901d\u7684\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u8005\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u548c\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u6027\u548c\u5171\u5b58\u6027\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u65b9\u9762\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002)<\/p>\n
                                            \u539f\u56e0\u548c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u88ab\u8bbe\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u6709\u67d0\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u8ddf\u968f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u7740\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ee7\u8d77\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5171\u540c\u4f53(\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e92\u6613\u6027)\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5b9e\u4f53\u5728\u5176\u5076\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8bf8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8bf8\u89c4\u5b9a\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u65f6\u95f4\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u81f4(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u540c\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u5171\u5b58\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u76f8\u7ee7\u5b58\u5728)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u4ece\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u91cf\u7684\u8303\u7574\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u5305\u542b\u5e76\u8868\u8c61\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u76f8\u7ee7\u628a\u63e1\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u6210(\u7efc\u5408)\uff1b\u8d28\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u611f\u89c9\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u586b\u5145\uff1b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u77e5\u89c9\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u5173\u7cfb(\u5373\u6839\u636e\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219)\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6a21\u6001\u53ca\u5176\u8303\u7574\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7269\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5c5e\u4e8e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56fe\u5f0f\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u6309\u7167\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u56e0\u6b64\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u8bba\u901a\u8fc7\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u4e2d\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u6307\u5411\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5185\u611f\u5b98(\u4e00\u79cd\u63a5\u53d7\u6027)\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e94\u7528\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u4e14\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u521d\u7edf\u89c9\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7edf\u4e00)\u4f7f\u73b0\u8c61\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u666e\u904d\u89c4\u5219\uff1b\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7740\u5148\u9a8c\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u771f\u7406\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u540e\u8005\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u773c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u611f\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u8303\u7574\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u786e\u5b9e\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u8d85\u51fa\u77e5\u6027\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5728\u611f\u6027\u4e2d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u6765\u9650\u5236\u8303\u7574\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u56fe\u5f0f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\u76f8\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u611f\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002(\u6570\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u611f\u89c9\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff1b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6052\u5e38\u548c\u6301\u4e45\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u6c38\u6052\u6027\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002)\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u79fb\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u9650\u5236\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c31\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u5148\u524d\u53d7\u9650\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5728\u5176\u7eaf\u7cb9\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u56fe\u5f0f\u6240\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6709\u6548\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u8303\u7574\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709\u8fdc\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u56fe\u5f0f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u6bcf\u4e2a\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u4e4b\u540e\u786e\u5b9e\u603b\u662f\u4fdd\u7559\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u6389\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u7684\u611f\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c06\u53ea\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8bcd\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\u7684\u67d0\u7269\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u8c61\u6211\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u505a\u4e0d\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u5411\u6211\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9996\u8981\u4e3b\u8bcd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5177\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u8303\u7574\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7528\u4e8e\u4ea7\u751f\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8868\u8c61\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4ece\u611f\u6027\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u611f\u6027\u540c\u65f6\u5b9e\u73b0\u77e5\u6027\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u77e5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                                          2.3 Chapter II \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h3>\n
                                            \u5728\u524d\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5148\u9a8c\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u4f7f\u7528\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u65f6\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u77e5\u6027\u771f\u6b63\u5148\u5929\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8303\u7574\u8868\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u5fc5\u987b\u6784\u6210\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1b\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5c06\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u77e5\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5148\u9a8c\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5148\u5929\u539f\u5219(Principles \u00e0 priori)\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u79f0\u547c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u5305\u542b\u5176\u4ed6\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u548c\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u8d85\u51fa\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u867d\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u539f\u5219\u53cd\u800c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd9\u7edd\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5bf9\u8c61\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6e90\u6cc9\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u6307\u8d23\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u628a\u7814\u7a76\u9650\u5236\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u81f3\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u76f4\u89c2\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c06\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            \u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5c06\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8c08\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u7167\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u624d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7167\u5c06\u4f7f\u540e\u8005\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6446\u8131\u6240\u6709\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u6027\u4e2d\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5448\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u773c\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n
                                          \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h4>\n
                                          2.3.1 Section I \u6240\u6709\u5206\u6790\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219<\/h4>\n
                                          \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                                            \n
                                          1. \u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/li>\n
                                          2. \u5206\u6790\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219<\/li>\n
                                          3. \u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                            \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                                              \u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ee5\u4f55\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3001\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ea\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab(\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u8c61)\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fde\u63a5\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5148\u5929\u6216\u540e\u5929\u7684\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6216\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u73b0\u5728\uff0c"\u4efb\u4f55\u4e3b\u8bcd\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u4e0e\u4e4b\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b(principle of contradiction)\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u771f\u7406\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4f46\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5bf9\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8ba4\u77e5\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5ba3\u79f0\u77db\u76fe\u5b8c\u5168\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u5f52\u4e8e\u65e0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u4f5c\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7528\u6765\u9a71\u9664\u865a\u5047\u548c\u9519\u8bef(\u5c31\u5176\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u4e4b\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u7528\u4e8e\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u771f\u7406\u5fc5\u987b\u603b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u548c\u5305\u542b\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u53cd\u9762\u5c06\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u5fc5\u987b\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u80af\u5b9a\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u53cd\u9762\u5c06\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u628a\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u89c6\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5206\u6790\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7684\u548c\u5b8c\u5168\u5145\u5206\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6548\u7528\u6216\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba4\u77e5\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdd\u80cc\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u800c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u81ea\u8eab\u5f52\u4e8e\u65e0\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6(sine qua non)\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6839\u636e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u59cb\u7ec8\u8b66\u60d5\u4e0d\u8fdd\u53cd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u671f\u671b\u5b83\u5728\u786e\u7acb\u4efb\u4f55\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\u7684\u771f\u7406\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u76f4\u63a5\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u539f\u5219\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u539f\u5219\u2014\u2014\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u5730\u88ab\u6df7\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\uff1a"\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u4e14\u4e0d\u662f\u3002"\u4e14\u4e0d\u8bf4\u52a0\u5165"\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u591a\u4f59\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u547d\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u80fd\u81ea\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u8fd8\u53d7\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\uff1a"\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269=A\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u67d0\u7269=B\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u975eB\u3002"\u4f46\u662fB\u548c\u975eB\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u7ee7\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u8001\u5e74\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u4e0d\u662f\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8001\u5e74\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u903b\u8f91\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u51b3\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u9650\u5236\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u50cf\u524d\u9762\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5176\u771f\u6b63\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8bef\u89e3\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c13\u8bcd\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u4e0e\u4e4b\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0e\u4e3b\u8bcd\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4e0e\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e\u4e3b\u8bcd\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u8c13\u8bcd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u88ab\u80af\u5b9a\u65f6\u624d\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8bf4\uff1a"\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u77e5\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u5b66\u95ee\u7684"\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e0a"\u540c\u65f6"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u65e0\u77e5\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8bf4\uff1a"\u6ca1\u6709\u65e0\u77e5\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u4eba"\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u77e5\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u4e3b\u8bcd\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6784\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u547d\u9898\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u4e2d\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4e0a"\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4"\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u53d8\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u547d\u9898\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
                                            2.3.2 Section II \u6240\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219<\/h4>\n
                                            \u8981\u70b9<\/h5>\n
                                              \n
                                            1. \u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027<\/li>\n
                                            2. \u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n
                                            3. \u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                              \u8bd1\u6587<\/h5>\n
                                                \u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u903b\u8f91\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u5176\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u51b3\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u8fbe\u5230\u5176\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5373\u786e\u5b9a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5728\u5206\u6790\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8d85\u51fa\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b83\u4f5c\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u5c06\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5f52\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6392\u9664\u5176\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u8d85\u51fa\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e0e\u5b83\u76f8\u5173\u5730\u601d\u8003\u67d0\u79cd\u4e0e\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u56e0\u6b64\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u6216\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u771f\u5047\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ece\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab\u88ab\u8fa8\u522b\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8d85\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c06\u5b83\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005(tertium quid)\u5462\uff1f\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5305\u542b\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u5373\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u53ca\u5176\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027(\u8fd9\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684)\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5fc5\u987b\u5bfb\u6c42\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e09\u8005\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u5148\u5929\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5bfb\u6c42\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1b\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u62e5\u6709\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8868\u8c61\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u8981\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8981\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u8003\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u73a9\u5f04\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a"\u5448\u73b0"\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5c06\u5b83\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u663e\u793a\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u518d\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u5524\u8d77\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6240\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ee5\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u822c\u73b0\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u4f1a\u662f\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u6742\u8bf4\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6309\u7167\u5b8c\u5168\u7edf\u4e00\u7684(\u53ef\u80fd\u7684)\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u7ec4\u5408\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5177\u6709\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5148\u5929\u539f\u5219\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u4f46\u79bb\u5f00\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u7b2c\u4e09\u9879\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u5c55\u793a\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u6216\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u5148\u5929\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u6b64\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6784\u6210\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6750\u6599\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c06\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5e7b\u8c61\u7684\u5fd9\u788c\u7684\u73a9\u5f04\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u786e\u5b9e\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7efc\u5408\u4ee5\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5b83\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u9664\u4e86\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u5177\u6709\u771f\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a"\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002"<\/p>\n
                                                \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u548c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u89c9\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u65f6\uff0c\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff1a"\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002"<\/p>\n
                                              2.3.3 \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5448\u73b0<\/h4>\n
                                                \u539f\u5219\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u5e94\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u53d1\u751f\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5fc5\u7136\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u671f\u671b\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u7531\u5148\u5929\u7684\u3001\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6839\u636e\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u65e0\u4e00\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u524d\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u540e\u8005\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u9ad8\u539f\u5219\u624d\u7ed9\u51fa\u5305\u542b\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u548c(\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4)\u6307\u6570\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7ed9\u51fa\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u5c06\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u539f\u5219\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u539f\u5219\u6216\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u591a\u4e48\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9632\u6b62\u6df7\u6dc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5148\u5929\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5f52\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f(\u867d\u7136\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb)\u6e90\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f46\u77e5\u6027\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027(\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6f14\u7ece)\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c06\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u5219\u8ba1\u5165\u6211\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e2d\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4f1a\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u548c\u5148\u5929\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u524d\u8005\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u5230\u76f4\u89c2\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u76f4\u89c2\u5230\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u7684(mathematical)\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u52a8\u529b\u7684(dynamical)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u53ea\u6307\u5411\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u6307\u5411\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f46\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6761\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c06\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9a\u7684(apodeictic)\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u52a8\u529b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u539f\u5219\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u548c\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5730\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u524d\u8005\u6240\u7279\u6709\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u660e\u8bc1\u6027\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u6b64\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u771f\u7406\u6027\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5224\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u8303\u7574\u8868\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5411\u539f\u5219\u8868\u7684\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u524d\u8005\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u4f7f\u7528\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                                                             1\n                             \u76f4\u89c2\u7684\n                              \u516c\u7406\n\n               2                                     3\n             \u77e5\u89c9\u7684                                 \u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\n              \u9884\u6599                                  \u7c7b\u6bd4\n                               4\n                           \u7ecf\u9a8c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\n                            \u4e00\u822c\u8bbe\u51c6<\/code><\/pre>\n
                                                \u6211\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5ffd\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u5728\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4f1a\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6d89\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u6839\u636e\u91cf\u548c\u8d28\u7684\u8303\u7574(\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u524d\u8005\u5177\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u63a8\u8bba\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5c06\u524d\u8005\u79f0\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u79f0\u4e3a\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002[27]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u5219\u4e00\u6837\u5c11\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c(\u7269\u7406)\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u539f\u5219\u4e00\u6837\u5c11\u3002\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5185\u611f\u5b98(\u4e0d\u533a\u5206\u5176\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u8868\u8c61)\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u547d\u540d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u5c06\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6765\u8003\u5bdf\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \n
                                              [27]\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u5408(conjunctio)\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7ec4\u5408(compositio)\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u8fde\u63a5(nexus)\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u5176\u90e8\u5206\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u76f8\u4e92\u5c5e\u4e8e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u88ab\u5bf9\u89d2\u7ebf\u5206\u6210\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u76f8\u4e92\u5c5e\u4e8e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u8003\u8651\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u7269\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u805a\u96c6\u548c\u5408\u5e76\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u7ed3\u5408(\u8fde\u63a5)\u662f\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u5176\u90e8\u5206\u5fc5\u7136\u76f8\u4e92\u5c5e\u4e8e\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5076\u6027\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7ed3\u679c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5f02\u8d28\u7269\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u5408\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u52a8\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u8fd9\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u4e2d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7efc\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                              1.\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u516c\u7406(Axioms of Intuition.)<\/h5>\n
                                                \u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u7406\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u90fd\u662f\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf(Extensive Quantities)\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u8bc1\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                                \u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u5c31\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u65e0\u4e00\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u5148\u5929\u5730\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u800c\u88ab\u9886\u4f1a\uff0c\u5373\u88ab\u63a5\u6536\u8fdb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u88ab\u4ea7\u751f\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u8d28\u7269\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u548c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u591a\u6837\u6027(\u540c\u8d28\u7684)\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u540c\u8d28\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u91cf(quanti)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u5b9a\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u91cf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u540c\u8d28\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u88ab\u601d\u8003\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u662f\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u800c\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u6211\u79f0\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u91cf\uff1a\u5176\u4e2d\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4f7f\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd(\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u7136\u5148\u4e8e\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u8c61)\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u4e0d\u63cf\u7ed8\u5b83\u5c31\u8868\u8c61\u4efb\u4f55\u7ebf\u6761\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u4ece\u4e00\u70b9\u5f00\u59cb\u4f9d\u6b21\u4ea7\u751f\u5b83\u7684\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6211\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u53ea\u601d\u8003\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u76f8\u7ee7\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u90e8\u5206\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u52a0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cf\u88ab\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u5c31\u5176\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9886\u4f1a\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u4ece\u90e8\u5206\u5230\u90e8\u5206)\u800c\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u805a\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u524d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff1b\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u548c\u9886\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\u7684\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u56fe\u5f62\u65f6\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u7ee7\u7efc\u5408\u662f\u5ef6\u5c55\u7684\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u5373\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u516c\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u7406\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u624d\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c"\u4e24\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ea\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf"\uff0c"\u4e24\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u56f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4"\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6070\u6070\u662f\u53ea\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u91cf(quanta)\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u516c\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u91cf(quantitas)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u591a\u5927\uff1f"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684(\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u7684)\u547d\u9898\uff1b\u4f46\u4e25\u683c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u7406\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u9898\uff1a"\u5982\u679c\u7b49\u91cf\u52a0\u5230\u7b49\u91cf\u4e0a\uff0c\u603b\u548c\u76f8\u7b49"\uff1b"\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u7b49\u91cf\u4e2d\u51cf\u53bb\u7b49\u91cf\uff0c\u4f59\u6570\u76f8\u7b49"\uff1b\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u76f4\u63a5\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff1b\u800c\u516c\u7406\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u81ea\u660e\u547d\u9898\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u50cf\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6570\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u30027 + 5 = 12\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u547d\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u4e03\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u4e94\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u601d\u8003\u6570\u5b57\u5341\u4e8c\u3002(\u6211\u662f\u5426\u5728\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u52a0\u4e2d\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5206\u6790\u547d\u9898\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6211\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5728\u4e3b\u8bcd\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u601d\u8003\u8c13\u8bcd\u3002)\u4f46\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u79f0\u547d\u9898\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u540c\u8d28\u7269(\u5355\u4f4d)\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u540e\u6765\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8bf4\uff1a"\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e09\u6761\u7ebf\u6784\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u610f\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e4b\u548c\u5927\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u8fb9"\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u8fd0\u7528\u7eaf\u7cb9\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u753b\u51fa\u66f4\u957f\u6216\u66f4\u77ed\u7684\u7ebf\u5e76\u6784\u9020\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u4e03\u53ea\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u5341\u4e8c\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e03\u548c\u4e94\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u547d\u9898\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u516c\u7406(\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u7684\u516c\u7406)\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6570\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u73b0\u8c61\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5148\u9a8c\u539f\u5219\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6570\u5b66\u624d\u80fd\u4ee5\u5176\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u81ea\u660e\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u77db\u76fe\u548c\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2(\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684)\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u6240\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u53ef\u4e89\u8bae\u5730\u5bf9\u524d\u8005\u4e5f\u6709\u6548\u3002\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u907f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u611f\u89c9\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6784\u9020\u89c4\u5219(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7ebf\u6216\u89d2\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u53ef\u5206\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5219)\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5426\u8ba4\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u5426\u8ba4\u6240\u6709\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u518d\u77e5\u9053\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6570\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f7f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u9886\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u800c\u6570\u5b66\u5728\u5176\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u5bf9\u524d\u8005\u6240\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u4e5f\u6709\u6548\u3002\u6240\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u672a\u53d7\u826f\u597d\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8be1\u8fa9\uff0c\u5b83\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u611f\u89c9\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ea\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              2.\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u9884\u6599(Anticipations of Perception)<\/h5>\n
                                                \u5176\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u8005(the Real)\uff0c\u5373\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5185\u6db5\u91cf(Intensive Quantity)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6(Degree)\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u8bc1\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                                \u77e5\u89c9\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u611f\u89c9\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u90a3\u6837\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u8eab\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\u3002[28]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e4b\u4e0a\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6750\u6599(\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u8868\u8c61\u67d0\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5305\u542b\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u4f53\u88ab\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u5f52\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7eaf\u7cb9\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u8fc7\u6e21\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u8bc6(\u5148\u5929\u7684)\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2 = 0\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u611f\u89c9\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u65e2\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4e5f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u91cf(\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u9886\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u4ece\u65e0 = 0\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u5176\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u91cf)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u611f\u5b98\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f52\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u89c9\u5305\u542b\u611f\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \n
                                              [28]\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u5fc5\u987b\u603b\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u975e\u6211\uff1b\u800c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                \u6240\u6709\u4f7f\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9884\u6599(anticipation)\uff1b\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u8868\u8fbeprholepsis\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u611f\u89c9(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u8d28\u6599)\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u611f\u89c9\u6b63\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u9884\u6599\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5f62\u72b6\u8fd8\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u9884\u6599\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5148\u5929\u5730\u8868\u8c61\u4e86\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u59cb\u7ec8\u53ef\u4ee5\u540e\u5929\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u611f\u89c9\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u503c\u5f97\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u9884\u6599\u2014\u2014\u7279\u6b8a\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8d28\u6599\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d28\u6599\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u5f97\u5230\uff0c\u9884\u5148\u628a\u63e1\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u91cc\u786e\u5b9e\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u9886\u4f1a[29]\u53ea\u586b\u5145\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ac\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u591a\u4e2a\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5176\u9886\u4f1a\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u90e8\u5206\u5230\u6574\u4f53\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u76f8\u7ee7\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u611f\u89c9\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\uff1b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u77ac\u95f4\u4e2d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u611f\u89c9\u4f1a\u5c06\u5176\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u7a7a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 = 0\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(realitas phaenomenon)\uff1b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5176\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684\u662f\u5426\u5b9a = 0\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u611f\u89c9\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u51cf\u5c0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u603b\u662f\u5c0f\u4e8e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u611f\u89c9\u4e0e\u96f6\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u603b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cf\u5728\u9886\u4f1a\u4e2d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9886\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ac\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u611f\u89c9\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u76f8\u7ee7\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u90e8\u5206\u8fdb\u5c55\u5230\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \n
                                              [29]\u9886\u4f1a(Apprehension)\u662f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79cd\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u77e5\u89c9\u548c\u771f\u6b63\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u9886\u4f1a\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u5426\u5b9a = 0\u6765\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u5177\u6709\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u89c6\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0(\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u8fd8\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u5316)\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e3a\u52a8\u529b(momentum)\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u91cd\u529b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff1b\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ea\u8868\u793a\u5176\u9886\u4f1a\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684\u800c\u662f\u77ac\u95f4\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u91cf\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u987a\u4fbf\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u76ee\u524d\u6211\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u5c0f\uff0c\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cf\u603b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u5c0f\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u6bcf\u79cd\u989c\u8272\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7ea2\u8272\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u5c0f\uff0c\u90fd\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u70ed\u5ea6\u3001\u91cd\u529b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u7b49\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u91cf\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206(\u6ca1\u6709\u7b80\u5355\u90e8\u5206)\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027(continuity)\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u91cf(quanta continua)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u800c\u4e0d\u5c06\u5176\u5305\u542b\u5728\u8fb9\u754c(\u70b9\u548c\u77ac\u95f4)\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u53ea\u7531\u65f6\u95f4\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u70b9\u548c\u77ac\u95f4\u53ea\u662f\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6216\u4f4d\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u4f4d\u7f6e\u603b\u662f\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u8981\u9650\u5236\u6216\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbe\u60f3\u7531\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u524d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6784\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cf\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d41\u52a8\u7684(flowing)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91cf\u65f6\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684)\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u7528\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5176\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u5c31\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u5355\u7eaf\u77e5\u89c9(\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027)\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\uff1b\u5728\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\u3002\u5f53\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u88ab\u4e2d\u65ad\u65f6\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u51e0\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u4f53(aggregate)\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u91cf\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cf\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u5ef6\u7eed\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u662f\u7ec8\u6b62\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u79f0\u5341\u4e09\u5757\u94b1\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91d1\u94b1\u7684\u603b\u548c\u6216\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u5341\u4e09\u5757\u94b1\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u94f6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a6c\u514b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u91cf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d27\u5e01\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u66f4\u5c0f\u9762\u989d\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u5341\u4e09\u5757\u94b1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u786c\u5e01(\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u94f6\u4ef7\u503c\u5982\u4f55)\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528"\u91cf"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u9519\u8bef\u4e86\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u79f0\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u805a\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u5e01\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u6b63\u5982\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u76ee\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u91cf\u603b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u91cf(quantum continuum)\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5916\u5ef6\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5185\u6db5\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u91cf\uff0c"\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316(\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001)\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7684"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u660e\u8bc1\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u5e76\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6539\u53d8\u4e8b\u7269\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e8b\u7269\u76f8\u53cd\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u4e0d\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u5148\u5929\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5bf9\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u6d1e\u5bdf(\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d1e\u5bdf\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u662f\u7f3a\u5931\u7684)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e0d\u53d8\u8005\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9274\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u6562\u9884\u5148\u5224\u65ad\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u635f\u5bb3\u6211\u4eec\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8bc1\u636e\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u9884\u6599\u4e2d\u6240\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u8865\u5145\u77e5\u89c9\u7f3a\u5931\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u6211\u4eec\u514d\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u8f7b\u7387\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5982\u679c\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u66f4\u5c0f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u611f\u5b98\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u611f\u89c9\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1b\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u8fd8\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u7a7a\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u5355\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u548c\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u51cf\u5c11\u76f4\u5230\u65e0(\u865a\u7a7a)\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u88ab\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u586b\u5145\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u540c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5c0f\u6216\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u7b49\u548c\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e5\u89c9\u9884\u6599\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u542f\u8499\u53d8\u5f97\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u611f\u5230\u5403\u60ca\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u5ba3\u5e03\u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u611f\u89c9\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u6000\u7591\u2014\u2014\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u5176\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a"\u77e5\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u548c\u5148\u5929\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9884\u6599\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u7279\u522b\u7684\u548c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u611f\u89c9\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff1f"<\/p>\n
                                                \u611f\u89c9\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5728\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u8868\u8c61(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u989c\u8272\u3001\u5473\u9053\u7b49)\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u5426\u5b9a = 0\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u8868\u8c61\u67d0\u79cd\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728(ein seyn)\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u8868\u793a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece0\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u7167\u4eae\u7684\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e0e\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u8f83\u5c11\u88ab\u7167\u4eae\u7684\u8868\u9762\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u4f53\u4e00\u6837\u5927\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5916\u5ef6\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4e2d\u8868\u8c61\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u52a8\u529b\u4e2d\u4ece0\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u6709\u611f\u89c9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u53ea\u662f\u540e\u5929\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6027\u8d28\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5373\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff1b\u4f46\u5173\u4e8e(\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u7684)\u6240\u6709\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u6bd4\u5176\u5185\u6db5\u91cf\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u7559\u7ed9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              3.\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4(Analogies of Experience)<\/h5>\n
                                                \u5176\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u8bc1\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                                \u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u89c9\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u662f\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5305\u542b\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c(\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u6216\u611f\u89c9)\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u5076\u7136\u5730\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u77e5\u89c9\u672c\u8eab\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9886\u4f1a\u53ea\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u5e76\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u9886\u4f1a\u6240\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u89c9\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u5b83\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u50cf\u5b83\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u822c\u4e2d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u5929\u8fde\u63a5\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u603b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u89c9\u5fc5\u7136\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u6837\u6001(modi)\u662f\u6301\u5b58\u6027(permanence)\u3001\u7ee7\u8d77\u6027(succession)\u548c\u5171\u5b58\u6027(coexistence)\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u90fd\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5219\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6(\u77e5\u89c9)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5148\u5929\u5730\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5fc3\u7075\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u6839\u636e\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u521d\u7edf\u89c9\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u611f\u5b98(\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u786e\u5b9e\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u591a\u6837\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u8bc6\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u539f\u521d\u7edf\u89c9\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed3\u5408\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u5148\u5929\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u89c9\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u6240\u5f3a\u52a0\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u7684(\u5373\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684)\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u6709\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u8981\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u77e5\u89c9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u548c\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u662f\u89c4\u5219\uff1a"\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219"\uff1b\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8981\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u73b0\u8c61\u53ca\u5176\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u9886\u4f1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u80fd\u591f\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f46\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u5f97\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u90a3\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u6599\u5b83\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b9\u9762\u4f1a\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u6388\u6743\u5c06\u6570\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u53ea\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u8c61\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5176\u76f4\u89c2\u6216\u5176\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u65b9\u9762\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u6570\u5b66\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u88ab\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u91cf\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6708\u5149\u7684200,000\u6b21\u7167\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5148\u5929\u5730\u7ec4\u5408\u5e76\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6784\u9020\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u9633\u5149\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002[30]\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u4e3a\u6784\u6210\u7684(constitutive)\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \n
                                              [30]\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u5728"\u76f4\u89c2\u516c\u7406"\u548c"\u77e5\u89c9\u9884\u6599"\u6807\u9898\u4e0b\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6388\u6743\u5c06\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u6570\u76ee\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5373\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u592a\u9633\u7684\u5149\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u5b83\u7684\u91cf\u662f\u6708\u4eae\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u500d\u6570\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u70ed\u5ea6\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b83\u5bf9\u6c34\u7b49\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\u8ba1\u4e2d\u6c34\u94f6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6548\u679c\u6765\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                \u90a3\u4e9b\u65e8\u5728\u4f7f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u539f\u5219\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7531\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u88ab\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u89c4\u7ea6\u7684(regulative)\u539f\u5219\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u516c\u7406\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u9884\u6599\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u89c9\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6(\u867d\u7136\u672a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684)\u77e5\u89c9\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u5730\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u5fc5\u7136\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u77e5\u89c9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u548c\u6709\u591a\u5927(\u5728\u91cf\u4e0a)\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u51fa\u5b83\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6837\u6001\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u9762\u88ab\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5728\u540e\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5ba3\u79f0\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cf\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u76f8\u7b49\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u603b\u662f\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u9879\u88ab\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u9879\u4e5f\u5c31\u88ab\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u52a9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u5f0f\u6784\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cf\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d28\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u76f8\u7b49\u6027\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u9879\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5929\u5730\u7ed9\u51fa\u5e76\u8ba4\u77e5\u5230\u7b2c\u56db\u9879\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u7b2c\u56db\u9879\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u786e\u5b9e\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u6211\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u7b2c\u56db\u9879\uff0c\u5e76\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u8bb0\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61(\u73b0\u8c61)\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c4\u7ea6\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u8bbe\u51c6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u5355\u7eaf\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u6d89\u53ca\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f)\u3001\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u6d89\u53ca\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8d28\u6599)\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7efc\u5408(\u6d89\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u89c4\u7ea6\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u3001\u6784\u6210\u7684\u539f\u5219\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u7684\u5148\u5929\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5176\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u4f46\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u539f\u5219\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u771f\u7406\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u539f\u5219\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u5730\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u5173\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\uff1b\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8ba4\u77e5\u2014\u2014\u6240\u6709\u5148\u5929\u539f\u5219\u6700\u7ec8\u5fc5\u987b\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u53ea\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5176\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u9650\u5236\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u5c06\u6388\u6743\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u548c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u6765\u8fde\u63a5\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u539f\u5219\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u8303\u7574\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u53ea\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u9002\u5f53\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u94a5\u5319\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9650\u5236\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u8005\u7684"\u516c\u5f0f"\u7684\u6807\u9898\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              A.\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u6bd4(First Analogy)<\/h5>\n
                                                \u5b9e\u4f53\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u539f\u5219(Principle of the Permanence of Substance)<\/p>\n
                                                \u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u6301\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u65e2\u4e0d\u589e\u52a0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u8bc1\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                                \u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u5e95(substratum)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6301\u5b58\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5171\u5b58\u548c\u7ee7\u8d77\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u800c\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7ee7\u8d77\u548c\u5171\u5b58\u624d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u6216\u5171\u5b58\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u5207\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\uff0c\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53(substance)\uff1b\u4e00\u5207\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u624d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u9886\u4f1a\u603b\u662f\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u603b\u662f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u3002\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u9886\u4f1a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56e0\u6b64\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5b83\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u56fa\u5b9a\u548c\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u548c\u5171\u5b58\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8bf8\u6837\u6001(modi of time)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684(\u56e0\u4e3a\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u548c\u7ee7\u8d77\u6027\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5173\u7cfb)\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u5173\u8054\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u5f71\u54cd\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61(\u6b63\u5982\u5171\u5b58\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6837\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u628a\u7ee7\u8d77\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u601d\u8003\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ee7\u8d77\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u6301\u5b58\u8005\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u7ee7\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u624d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6301\u7eed(duration)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u6c38\u8fdc\u5728\u6d88\u5931\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c38\u8fdc\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u91cf\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6301\u5b58\u8005\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u800c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e2a\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53(\u73b0\u8c61)\uff1b\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u6216\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u6216\u8bf8\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5176\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u666e\u901a\u7406\u89e3\u4e5f\u90fd\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\uff1b\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u8bf4"\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5076\u6027(accidents)\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684"\u65f6\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7cbe\u786e\u548c\u660e\u786e\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u672a\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff1b\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u5b83\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5e78\u50cf\u5b83\u5e94\u5f97\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u7ad9\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u548c\u5b8c\u5168\u5148\u5929\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u524d\u5217\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bf4\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9648\u8ff0\u662f\u91cd\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b9e\u4f53\u8303\u7574\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6839\u636e\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u672c\u5e94\u8be5\u8bc1\u660e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u53ef\u53d8\u8005\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ea\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u6559\u6761\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u601d\u8003\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u547d\u9898\u53ea\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u4e4b\u5916\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u96be\u602a\u5b83\u867d\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u57fa\u7840(\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u611f\u5230\u9700\u8981\u5b83)\uff0c\u5374\u4ece\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u6709\u4eba\u95ee\u4e00\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1a"\u70df\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u662f\u591a\u5c11\uff1f"\u4ed6\u56de\u7b54\uff1a"\u4ece\u71c3\u70e7\u7684\u6728\u5934\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u4e2d\u51cf\u53bb\u5269\u4f59\u7070\u70ec\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u70df\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u3002"\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53cd\u9a73\u7684\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u706b\u4e2d\u7269\u8d28(\u5b9e\u4f53)\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c"\u4ece\u65e0\u4e2d\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f"\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u771f\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u5b58\u5728\u539f\u5219\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u57fa\u5e95\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u672a\u6765\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u6743\u5c06\u5b9e\u4f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u5b83\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u6307\u5411\u672a\u6765\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u4e0e\u59cb\u7ec8\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u5730\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u6837\u3002"\u65e0\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u6709\uff1b\u6709\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f52\u4e8e\u65e0"[31]\uff0c\u662f\u53e4\u4eba\u4ece\u672a\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5206\u5f00\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u9898\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u524d\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c(\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5176\u5b9e\u4f53\u65b9\u9762)\u5bf9\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u62c5\u5fc3\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53ea\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269(\u5c31\u5176\u5b9e\u4f53\u800c\u8a00)\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5c31\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u8868\u8c61\u65f6\u95f4\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u57fa\u5e95\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u624d\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u548c\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \n
                                              [31]\u4f69\u5c14\u4fee\u65af\uff0c\u300a\u8bbd\u523a\u8bd7\u300b\uff0ciii.83-84\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                \u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6837\u6001\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5076\u6027(accidents)\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6d89\u53ca\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728(\u5426\u5b9a\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e2d\u67d0\u7269\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a)\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5b58\u5728(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5076\u6027)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5185\u5c5e(inherence)\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u652f\u6491(subsistence)\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u8bb8\u591a\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u548c\u66f4\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u5076\u6027\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u88ab\u79ef\u6781\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f1a\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u529b\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8981\u5c06\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f53\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0e\u771f\u6b63\u6301\u5b58\u548c\u6839\u672c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u8303\u7574\u5904\u4e8e\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6807\u9898\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u7740\u53d8\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u6d88\u5931\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u8d77\u6e90\u6216\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u53d8\u5316\u53ea\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ddf\u968f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u6301\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u65e2\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u53ea\u5f71\u54cd\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5f00\u59cb\u6216\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u8bf4\uff1a"\u53ea\u6709\u6301\u5b58\u8005(\u5b9e\u4f53)\u624d\u53d7\u53d8\u5316\uff1b\u53ef\u53d8\u8005\u4e0d\u53d7\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ecf\u5386\u4ea4\u66ff(alternation)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u67d0\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5f00\u59cb\u3002"<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53d8\u5316\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e2d\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u800c\u7edd\u5bf9\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u6216\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u5230\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u4ea4\u66ff\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730\u5f00\u59cb\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b83\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u5462\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u901a\u8fc7\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u865a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u5728\u524d\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0e\u5148\u524d\u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u76f4\u5230\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f00\u59cb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u540e\u8005\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u524d\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u518d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5b9e\u4f53(\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d)\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u7ec8\u6b62\u5c06\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u9664\u65f6\u95f4\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u5c06\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u884c\u5730\u6d41\u901d\uff1b\u8fd9\u662f\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5171\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc5\u7136\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u9762\u6709\u5145\u5206\u673a\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              B.\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u6bd4(Second Analogy)<\/h5>\n
                                                \u6839\u636e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ee7\u8d77\u539f\u5219\u3002\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u6839\u636e\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u8bc1\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                                (\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u7ee7\u8d77\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u53ea\u662f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u76f8\u7ee7\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u975e\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5b9e\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u5176\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b9e\u4f53\u5728\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u975e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u6216\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u5728\u8bba\u8ff0\u524d\u9762\u7684\u539f\u5219\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u7acb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a"\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6539\u53d8(\u7ee7\u8d77)\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u53d8\u8fc1"\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u6216\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u9884\u8bbe\u540c\u4e00\u4e3b\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9884\u5907\u8bf4\u660e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u8bc1\u660e\u3002)<\/p>\n
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                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7ee7\u8d77\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u5728\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u5148\u884c\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u73bb\u7483\u662f\u6c34\u9762\u5347\u9ad8\u8d85\u8fc7\u5176\u6c34\u5e73\u9762\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u7528\u73bb\u7483\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c34\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8ddf\u968f\u7740\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u6c34\u5728\u5927\u5bb9\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u6210\u5b83\u5728\u73bb\u7483\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u51f9\u9762\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u884c\u52a8(action)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u529b(force)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u5b9e\u4f53(substance)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6279\u5224\u6027\u8bba\u6587\u2014\u2014\u5176\u552f\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8bba\u8ff0\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u89e3\u91ca\u4f46\u4e0d\u6269\u5c55\u6211\u4eec\u6982\u5ff5\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6240\u6324\u6ee1\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u7559\u7ed9\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6781\u5927\u7684\u7ec6\u81f4\u6027\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u77e5\u540d\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u76ee\u524d\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6bd4\u901a\u8fc7\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u548c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5728\u884c\u52a8(\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u6d3b\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u529b)\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e2d\u624d\u80fd\u5bfb\u627e\u90a3\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002\u5f88\u597d\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5e0c\u671b\u907f\u514d\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u7edd\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u4ece\u884c\u52a8\u76f4\u63a5\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u6301\u5b58\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5374\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53(\u73b0\u8c61)\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u548c\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff1f\u4f46\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u53d8\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u901a\u8fc7\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5206\u6790\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8868\u660e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u53ef\u53d8\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u540e\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u6301\u5b58\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u603b\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u8eab\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4ece\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u5355\u662f\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5c31\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6211\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u6765\u52aa\u529b\u53d1\u73b0\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f52\u7eb3\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u91cf\u548c\u4e25\u683c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u6d88\u5931\u3001\u6240\u6709\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u6d88\u706d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e3b\u4f53\u672c\u8eab(\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u9886\u57df\u4e2d)\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9760\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u7684\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5f53\u67d0\u7269\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4ece\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u5230\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u5148\u524d\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u5728A\u70b9\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5b9e\u4f53(\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4ea7\u751f\u7684)\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u65e0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d77\u6e90\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u6765\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u4f1a\u6d88\u706d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u548c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5728\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u9762\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u6765\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u542b\u4e49\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u8ddf\u968f\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5728\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u53ea\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u7ed9\u4e88\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd0\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u76f8\u7ee7\u73b0\u8c61(\u5982\u8fd0\u52a8)\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u4e0b\u53d8\u5316\u624d\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4ea7\u751f(\u65e0\u8bba\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u72b6\u6001\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6761\u4ef6\u65b9\u9762\u5148\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u8003\u8651\u3002[32]<\/p>\n
                                              \n
                                              [32]\u5fc5\u987b\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u8bf4\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u4ee5\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u72b6\u6001(\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684)\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u6240\u6709\u8fd0\u52a8\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u65f6\u624d\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                \u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001a\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001b\u65f6\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u4e0d\u540c\u4e14\u5728\u5176\u540e\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d)\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982b\u4e0e\u96f6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u72b6\u6001b\u53ea\u5728\u91cf\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u72b6\u6001a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53d8\u5316\u5c31\u662fb-a\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u65f6 = 0\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u73b0\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001 = a\uff0c\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001 = b\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u4e4b\u95f4\u603b\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u523b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u603b\u662f\u6709\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u5dee\u5f02(\u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u4f9d\u6b21\u90fd\u662f\u91cf)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fc7\u6e21\u603b\u662f\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u4e4b\u95f4\u5305\u542b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u51b3\u5b9a\u79bb\u5f00\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8b\u7269\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u90fd\u662f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u5176\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u6216\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u4ea7\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u95f4\u4ece\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u77ac\u95f4a\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u52a0\u5230\u5176\u5728b\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u91cf(b - a)\u4e5f\u901a\u8fc7\u5305\u542b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8f83\u5c0f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u88ab\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4f5c\u7528\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u52a8\u529b(momentum)\u3002\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u529b\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u88ab\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u6216\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u6839\u636e\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u53ef\u80fd\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8981\u7d20\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u5176\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u91cf\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e00\u6837\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u65b0\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u72b6\u6001\u901a\u8fc7\u6240\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ece\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u751f\u957f\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u603b\u548c\u5c0f\u4e8e0\u548ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5728\u6b64\u63a2\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u6548\u7528\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u547d\u9898\u5982\u4f55\u5b8c\u5168\u5148\u5929\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7b2c\u4e00\u773c\u770b\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u7684\u771f\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u800c"\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u592a\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u6269\u5c55\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u628a\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u6000\u7591\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5f7b\u5e95\u548c\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6700\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u6559\u6761\u8bc1\u636e\u9762\u524d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u589e\u6dfb\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u89c9\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u8fd8\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u5c55\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u4e8e\u5b83\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u5411\u8ddf\u968f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u800c\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u603b\u662f\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5176\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\uff0c\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cf\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u6240\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u96f6\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u5176\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u8ba4\u77e5\u53d8\u5316\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684\u2014\u2014\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5219\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9884\u6599\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9886\u4f1a\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7ed9\u5b9a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u65f6\u95f4\u5305\u542b\u4ece\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5230\u8ddf\u968f\u5b83\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8fdb\u5c55\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4f7f\u540e\u8005\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u4f7f\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u666e\u904d\u5730\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              C.\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\u6bd4(Third Analogy)<\/h5>\n
                                                \u6839\u636e\u4e92\u6613\u6027\u6216\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5c31\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \u8bc1\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n
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                                                \u5171\u540c\u4f53(community)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00[33]\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u62c9\u4e01\u8bedcommunio\u548ccommercium\u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u52a8\u529b\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53(communio spatii)\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u5f71\u54cd\u624d\u80fd\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u773c\u775b\u548c\u5929\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u5149\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5171\u5b58\uff1b\u9664\u975e\u8d2f\u7a7f\u6574\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5360\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e(\u77e5\u89c9\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u53d8)\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u89c9\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5373\u4f7f\u6700\u8fdc\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8bc1\u660e\u53ea\u662f\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7684\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u77e5\u89c9(\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u77e5\u89c9)\u90fd\u4e0e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u77e5\u89c9\u5206\u79bb\u548c\u5b64\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u94fe\u6761\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5b8c\u5168\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e0e\u5148\u524d\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u5904\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3002\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u53cd\u5bf9\u7a7a\u865a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u77e5\u89c9\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \n
                                              [33]\u5fb7\u8bed<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                \u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bc4\u8bba\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53(communio)\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5171\u5b58\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u76f8\u4e92\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f7c\u6b64\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5ba2\u89c2\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9886\u4f1a\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u603b\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\uff0c\u5c06\u88ab\u5f52\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5171\u540c\u4f53(commercium)\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\uff0c\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u7075\u6240\u53ca\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cdcommercium\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5c31\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u4f53(compositum reale)\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u4f53\u4ee5\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4e09\u79cd\u52a8\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u662f\u5185\u5c5e(inherence)\u3001\u7ee7\u8d77(consequence)\u548c\u7ec4\u5408(composition)\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u6837\u6001\uff1b\u5373\uff1a\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u91cf\u7684\u5173\u7cfb(\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6301\u7eed)\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7cfb\u5217\u6216\u7ee7\u8d77\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u590d\u5408\u4f53(\u540c\u65f6\u6027)\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u52a8\u529b\u7684\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u624d\u80fd\u5c31\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u8a00\u83b7\u5f97\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u6839\u636e\u5fc5\u7136\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u9762\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5219(\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684)\u4f7f\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5219\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6cd5\u5219\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u81ea\u7136\u5728\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6307\u6570\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6570\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u65f6\u95f4(\u5c31\u5176\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u800c\u8a00)\u4e0e\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u53ea\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u3002\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u8868\u8fbe\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a"\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u5982\u6b64\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5148\u5929\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002"<\/p>\n
                                                \u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5219\u65f6\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bc4\u8bba\u540c\u65f6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6307\u5bfc\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u548c\u540c\u6837\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5148\u5929\u547d\u9898\u7684\u771f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u90fd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u66fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u6559\u6761\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u51fa\u53d1\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bd5\u56fe\u8868\u660e\u4e00\u5207\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u9884\u8bbe\u67d0\u7269\u5728\u5148\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u8ddf\u968f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u72b6\u6001\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u5730\u5171\u5b58\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u90fd\u5c06\u5b8c\u5168\u5f92\u52b3\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u6790\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u80fd\u91c7\u53d6\u4ec0\u4e48\u5176\u4ed6\u9014\u5f84\uff1f\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\uff1a\u8bc1\u660e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u8981\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ecb\u9879\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u666e\u904d\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5b9a\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u9884\u6599\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u5e7b\u60f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\u7684\u6559\u6761\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5145\u5206\u7406\u7531\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u591a\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u603b\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u5230\u8fc7\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u5fc3\u7075\u9ed8\u9ed8\u5730\u4f7f\u7528[34]\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8303\u7574\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u7ebf\u7f3a\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6307\u5bfc\u7ebf\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u6982\u5ff5\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u539f\u5219\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7f3a\u53e3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                              \n
                                              [34]\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5171\u5b58\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u90e8\u5206\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fde\u63a5(\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528)\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u540e\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u63a8\u65ad\u5230\u524d\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f53\u5730\u4ece\u540e\u8005\u63a8\u7406\u5230\u524d\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                              4.\u7ecf\u9a8c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u8bbe\u51c6(The Postulates of Empirical Thought)<\/h5>\n
                                                \n
                                              1. \u7b26\u5408\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6(\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u6982\u5ff5)\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n
                                              2. \u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8d28\u6599\u6761\u4ef6(\u611f\u89c9)\u76f8\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n
                                              3. \u5176\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u7684\u8fde\u8d2f\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6761\u4ef6\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u662f(\u5b58\u5728\u7740)\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                \u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                                  \u6a21\u6001\u8303\u7574(categories of modality)\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6269\u5c55\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8c13\u8bcd\u6240\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u8868\u8fbe\u5b83\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6743\u95ee\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e5f\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u662f\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u95ee\u9898\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u3001\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u3001\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5982\u4f55\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6a21\u6001\u8303\u7574\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u8303\u7574\u9650\u5236\u4e8e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u6388\u6743\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u8981\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u51fa\u7eaf\u7cb9\u903b\u8f91\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u601d\u7ef4\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5206\u6790\u8868\u8fbe\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8981\u4e0e\u4e8b\u7269\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u6216\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6d89\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ca\u5176\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u8bbe\u51c6\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8981\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6240\u6709\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u679c\u5176\u7efc\u5408\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u501f\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b83\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6839\u636e\u548c\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6(\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f)\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b83\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ecd\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7a7a\u7684\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u7279\u5f81\u5462\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u6784\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\uff1f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u786e\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5305\u542b\u5728\u4e24\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u4e4b\u5185\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u56fe\u5f62\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ca\u5176\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u822c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8bbe\u51c6\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6548\u7528\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u8868\u8c61\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ece\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6211\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8868\u8c61\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u6784\u6210\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1a\u5f53\u5b83\u88ab\u8bbe\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ddf\u968f\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u5426\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u80fd\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4ec5\u51ed\u6211\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u80fd\u8868\u8c61\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269(\u5b9e\u4f53)\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u6784\u6210\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u6761\u4ef6\u5f15\u8d77\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u8868\u8fbe\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u77e5\u89c9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5148\u5929\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u771f\u7406\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                  \u4f46\u6211\u7565\u8fc7\u4e00\u5207\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u6253\u7b97\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8bba\u8ff0\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                  \u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63a8\u65ad\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8ba9\u6982\u5ff5\u591a\u4e48\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u4e0e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u5728\u6bcf\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u80fd\u5148\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u5148\u4e8e\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8868\u660e\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1b\u77e5\u89c9\u5448\u73b0\u8d28\u6599\u7ed9\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u5148\u5929\u5730\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7ed3\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e9b\u77e5\u89c9\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u8ba4\u77e5\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u77e5\u89c9\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u63a8\u7406\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u94a2\u5c51\u88ab\u78c1\u94c1\u5438\u5f15\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u8ba4\u77e5\u7a7f\u900f\u6240\u6709\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u78c1\u6027\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u6784\u9020\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8fd9\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u66f4\u654f\u9510\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdf\u949d\u6027\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b83\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5219\u4ece\u5b83\u4eec\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6240\u53ca\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6216\u4e0d\u6839\u636e\u73b0\u8c61\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c31\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u660e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u9a73\u65a5\u5b83\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u9a73\u65a5(Refutation of Idealism)<\/h5>\n
                                                  \u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u6211\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba(material idealism)\u2014\u2014\u662f\u5ba3\u79f0\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u5916\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8981\u4e48\u662f(1)\u53ef\u7591\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f(2)\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba(problematical idealism)\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u627f\u8ba4\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65ad\u8a00(assertio)\u7684\u65e0\u7591\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5373"\u6211\u5b58\u5728"\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u662f\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u7684\u6559\u6761\u6027\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba(dogmatical idealism)\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u8fde\u540c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6559\u6761\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u90a3\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u8fde\u540c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u4e2d\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u4e0d\u505a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u58f0\u79f0\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u63a5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\u9664\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u9075\u5b88\u5728\u5145\u5206\u8bc1\u660e\u663e\u793a\u4e4b\u524d\u4e0d\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u5fc5\u987b\u8bc1\u5b9e\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5bf9\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u6000\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9884\u5148\u5047\u5b9a\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u5b9a\u7406(Theorem)<\/h5>\n
                                                  \u6211\u81ea\u8eab\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4f46\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \u8bc1\u660e<\/p>\n
                                                  \u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u90fd\u9884\u8bbe\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u6211\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u7531\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4e4b\u5916\u5b9e\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5fc5\u7136\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u4e0e\u6211\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u5bf9\u6211\u4e4b\u5916\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u6ce8\u91ca I. \u8bfb\u8005\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u73a9\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u88ab\u53cd\u8f6c\u5230\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u52a0\u516c\u6b63\u3002\u5b83\u5047\u8bbe\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u63a8\u65ad\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u63a8\u7406\u5230\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u63a8\u7406\u5f97\u592a\u8fc7\u5306\u5fd9\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5c06\u5176\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u7684[35]\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u2014\u2014\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u8868\u8c61"\u6211\u662f"\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u80fd\u4f34\u968f\u6211\u6240\u6709\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5305\u542b\u4e3b\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9664\u4e86\u5305\u542b\u67d0\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\u5185\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                \n
                                                [35]\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5b9a\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4f1a\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a"\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9519\u89c9\u5417\uff1f"\u4f46\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ec5\u4ec5\u628a\u67d0\u7269\u60f3\u8c61\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u628a\u5b83\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5df2\u7ecf\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u6b64\u7acb\u5373\u533a\u5206\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u4e0e\u8868\u5f81\u6bcf\u4e2a\u60f3\u8c61\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6d88\u706d\u8981\u7531\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u80fd\u529b\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                  \u6ce8\u91ca II. \u73b0\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u90fd\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u771f\u7406\u6027\u7531\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u652f\u6301\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb(\u8fd0\u52a8)\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6301\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u53d8\u5316(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u592a\u9633\u4e0e\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u592a\u9633\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8)\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u89c9\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f4\u89c2\u800c\u5bf9\u5e94\u5e76\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f97\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8868\u8c61"\u6211"\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7531\u601d\u7ef4\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a"\u6211"\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c13\u8bcd\u5728\u5176\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u4e2d\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7269\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u5165\u6027\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7269\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u6ce8\u91ca III. \u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u8868\u8c61\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269(\u5728\u68a6\u4e2d\u548c\u75af\u72c2\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64)\uff1b\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u7531\u5148\u524d\u5916\u90e8\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u521b\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u89c9\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e00\u822c\u5185\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u822c\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u5426\u7eaf\u7cb9\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u5176\u7279\u6b8a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bbe\u51c6\uff0c\u5b83\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5148\u5929\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u4efb\u4f55\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u76f8\u5bf9\u5148\u5929\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u5148\u524d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5fc5\u987b\u5305\u542b\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5148\u524d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u603b\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\u4ece\u5176\u4e0e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u89c9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7ed9\u5b9a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u4ece\u7ed9\u5b9a\u539f\u56e0\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u7269(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53)\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6839\u636e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5219\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6765\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u2014\u2014\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7531\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u5148\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8ba4\u77e5\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5185\u5b83\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u6216\u4f5c\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u53d1\u751f\u548c\u6709\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u73b0\u8c61\u6839\u636e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u4ece\u67d0\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728(\u539f\u56e0)\u5148\u5929\u5730\u63a8\u7406\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728(\u7ed3\u679c)\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002"\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u5047\u8bbe\u6027\u5fc5\u7136\u7684"\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u547d\u9898"\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u7531\u76f2\u76ee\u5076\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u7684(in mundo non datur casus)"\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u547d\u9898"\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u76f2\u76ee\u7684"\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027(non datur fatum)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5219\u4f7f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e"\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u7136(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61)"\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u53d8\u5316\u624d\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u52a8\u529b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u524d\u8005\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u540e\u8005\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6a21\u6001\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u7ed9\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u4ecd\u7136\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u539f\u5219\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7cfb\u5217\u4e2d\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8df3\u8dc3(in mundo non datur saltus)\uff1b\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u65ad\u88c2\u6216\u95f4\u9699(non datur hiatus)\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u8bc1\u660e\u771f\u7a7a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u60f3\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u9886\u57df(\u4e16\u754c)\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u771f\u7a7a\u6216\u7a7a\u865a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u80fd\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u51b3\u5b9a\u5173\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u7ed9\u5b9a\u73b0\u8c61\u6784\u5efa\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u77e5\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u66f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u7406\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5bf9\u56f4\u7ed5\u548c\u9650\u5236\u5b83\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5f62\u6210\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u800c\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u8bba\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c"\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u95f4\u9699\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8df3\u8dc3\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5bbf\u547d"\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u5148\u9a8c\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u987a\u5e8f\u5c55\u793a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u8303\u7574\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u5176\u9002\u5f53\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4f46\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u4f1a\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u6216\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u6837\u5b89\u6392\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7ed3\u679c\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u65ad\u88c2\u6216\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027\u548c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8fde\u63a5\u662f\u5f02\u8d28\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u77e5\u89c9\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u5176\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\u662f\u5426\u5927\u4e8e\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u9886\u57df\u662f\u5426\u672c\u8eab\u5927\u4e8e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u7efc\u5408\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u72ec\u81ea\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u95ee\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u590d\u5408\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u90fd\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u73b0\u8c61\u7ed3\u5408\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u591a\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff1f\u77e5\u6027\u6839\u636e\u611f\u6027\u548c\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u77e5\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u60f3\u8c61\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5176\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5448\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u4e4b\u5916\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u65e0\u6743\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u4e0e\u5df2\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7f\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u9886\u57df\u7684\u901a\u5e38\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u8d2b\u4e4f\u6027\u662f\u5f88\u663e\u8457\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u7684(\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61)\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u3002"\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684"\uff1b\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u6839\u636e\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6cd5\u5219\u5f97\u51fa\u7279\u6b8a\u547d\u9898\uff1a"\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u3002"\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\uff1a"\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u3002"\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4ece\u5fc5\u987b\u5411\u524d\u8005\u6dfb\u52a0\u67d0\u7269\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u540e\u8005\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u603b\u548c\u5927\u4e8e\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u5411\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u603b\u548c\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u7b26\u5408\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\u5916\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e2a\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff1b\u4f46\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e5\u89c9\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u7cfb\u5217\uff0c\u4e0e\u5728\u77e5\u89c9\u4e2d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u8fde\u8d2f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u591a\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u7f57\u4e07\u8c61\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6570\u636e\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e86\u3002\u53ea\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u66f4\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\u662f\u5426\u6bd4\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u9886\u57df\u66f4\u5e7f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u6211\u4ec5\u4ec5\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u8bba\u8ff0\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u9057\u6f0f\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u666e\u904d\u89c2\u70b9\u4e2d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u6027(\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7406\u6027alone\uff0c\u5b83\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u7559\u5f85\u540e\u7eed\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u5728\u7ed3\u675f\u8fd9\u7b2c\u56db\u8282\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e94\u8be5\u63d0\u53ca\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6211\u5c06\u6a21\u6001\u7684\u539f\u5219\u79f0\u4e3a\u8bbe\u51c6(postulates)\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u66f4\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u7528\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7528\u6cd5(\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u672c\u6765\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6)\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u9644\u52a0\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u63a5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u63a8\u6f14\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u547d\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u5728\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u591a\u4e48\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7ecf\u63a8\u6f14\u5c31\u4ec5\u4ec5\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u7ed9\u4e88\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6279\u5224\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4e4f\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f20\u666e\u904d\u4fe1\u5ff5(\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u8bc1\u4e66)\u5e76\u4e0d\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u5c31\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9519\u89c9\u548c\u5984\u60f3\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e0\u529b\u62d2\u7edd\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u4f46\u8981\u6c42\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u516c\u7406\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5fc5\u987b\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u65ad\u8a00\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u63a8\u6f14\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                [36]\u5f53\u6211\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u786e\u5b9e\u601d\u8003\u7684\u6bd4\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4e2d\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u6bd4\u5176\u5b8c\u6574\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027(\u5176\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528)\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0e\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                \u5173\u4e8e\u539f\u5219\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u8bba<\/h5>\n
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                                                  \u4f46\u66f4\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6839\u636e\u8303\u7574\u7406\u89e3\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u8bc1\u660e\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0(1)\u4e3a\u4e86\u5411\u5b9e\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u5448\u73b0\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u76f4\u89c2(\u7269\u8d28\u7684)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e8b\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u6301\u7eed\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1b(2)\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u8c61\u53d8\u5316\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u77e5\u89c9\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u540c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u8ddf\u968f\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5176\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1b\u5176\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f8\u53cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c)\u624d\u4f7f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u751a\u81f3\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u4e00\u6761\u7ebf\u6765\u5f62\u8c61\u5730\u8868\u8c61\u65f6\u95f4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u753b\u8fd9\u6761\u7ebf(\u8fd0\u52a8)\u6765\u8868\u8c61\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u8feb\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u6765\u80fd\u591f\u8868\u8c61\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u7ee7\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6839\u636e\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8981\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u9884\u8bbe\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u6301\u5b58\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u6301\u5b58\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u7eaf\u7406\u6027\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u8bbe\u60f3\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u51e0\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ec5\u4ece\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5728\u5c06\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u4ec5\u7531\u77e5\u6027\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u795e\u6027\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5e2e\u52a9\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u8bbe\u60f3\u5171\u540c\u4f53(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684)\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u672c\u8eab\u5305\u542b\u5148\u5929\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5bb9\u6613\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u91cf\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u91cf\u7684\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u91cf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u907f\u514d\u5197\u957f\uff0c\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u4f8b\u5b50\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u7559\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bc4\u8bba\u5177\u6709\u6700\u5927\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u786e\u8ba4\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u524d\u5bf9\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u9a73\u65a5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f53\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u90e8\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u4e0d\u501f\u52a9\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u786e\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u672c\u6027\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u88ab\u8ba8\u8bba\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6839\u636e\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                  \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff1a"\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6240\u6709\u539f\u5219\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\u90fd\u53ea\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c"\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5b8c\u5168\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                2.4 Chapter III \u5173\u4e8e\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u5206\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u6839\u636e<\/h3>\n
                                                \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
                                                  \n
                                                1. \n
                                                  \u77e5\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u754c\u9650\u6bd4\u55bb<\/strong><\/p>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • \u77e5\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5305\u56f4\u7684"\u771f\u7406\u4e4b\u5c9b"<\/li>\n
                                                  • \u5468\u56f4\u662f"\u5e7b\u8c61\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b"\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u8bf1\u60d1\u548c\u5371\u9669<\/li>\n
                                                  • \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u55bb\u8bf4\u660e\u77e5\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6709\u9650\u6027\u548c\u754c\u9650\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n
                                                    \u77e5\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219<\/strong><\/p>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • \u77e5\u6027\u867d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u539f\u5219(\u65e0\u8bba\u6784\u6210\u6027\u8fd8\u662f\u89c4\u7ea6\u6027)\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/li>\n
                                                    • \u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u83b7\u5f97\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n
                                                      \u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • \u6982\u5ff5\u9700\u8981\u76f4\u89c2\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u610f\u4e49<\/li>\n
                                                      • \u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u79bb\u5f00\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u4e49<\/li>\n
                                                      • \u5373\u4f7f\u6570\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u786e\u8bc1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                      • \n
                                                        \u8303\u7574\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/strong><\/p>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • \u8303\u7574\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u79bb\u5f00\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u5ba2\u89c2\u610f\u4e49<\/li>\n
                                                        • \u8303\u7574\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u610f\u4e49\u2260\u5148\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        • \n
                                                          \u672c\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u6027\u8d28<\/strong><\/p>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • \u6d88\u6781\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u611f\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u6982\u5ff5<\/li>\n
                                                          • \u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u8d85\u51fa\u611f\u6027\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61(\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd)<\/li>\n
                                                          • \u672c\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u8981\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba4\u77e5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                          • \n
                                                            \u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u533a\u5206<\/strong><\/p>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • \u4e0d\u80fd\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u5212\u5206\u4e16\u754c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\u548c\u672c\u4f53\u754c<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u672c\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u9650\u5236\u6027\u548c\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u529f\u80fd<\/li>\n
                                                            • \u77e5\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u51fa\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8ba4\u77e5\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                              \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
                                                                \u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5df2\u7ecf\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u533a\u57df\u5e76\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u672c\u8eab\u5c01\u95ed\u5728\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u754c\u9650\u4e4b\u5185\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u771f\u7406\u7684\u571f\u5730(\u4e00\u4e2a\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u7684\u8bcd)\uff0c\u88ab\u5e7f\u9614\u800c\u66b4\u98ce\u96e8\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u5305\u56f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5e7b\u8c61\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8bb8\u591a\u96fe\u5cb8\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u51b0\u5c71\uff0c\u5bf9\u822a\u884c\u8005\u5728\u5176\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u65c5\u4e2d\u770b\u6765\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u7528\u865a\u5e7b\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u6b3a\u9a97\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u9677\u5165\u5371\u9669\u7684\u5192\u9669\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u53c8\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5192\u9669\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u7247\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22\u5b83\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u53d1\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8981\u79bb\u5f00\u7684\u571f\u5730\u7684\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u5e76\u95ee\u95ee\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u5b83\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u522b\u5904\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u575a\u5b9e\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u5b83\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u4ec0\u4e48\u6743\u5229\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u5b83\u514d\u53d7\u6240\u6709\u654c\u5bf9\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4e0d\u65e0\u88e8\u76ca\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u7edf\u4e00\u5230\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u603b\u7ed3\u6027\u56de\u987e\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u52a0\u5f3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                                \u6240\u6709\u8303\u7574\u53ca\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u501f\u52a9\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u501f\u52a9\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u9650\u5236\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u552f\u4e00\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u79fb\u9664\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0b\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u601d\u8003\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u91cf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8bf4\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u88ab\u7f6e\u5165\u591a\u5c11\u6b21\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a"\u591a\u5c11\u6b21"\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u76f8\u7ee7\u91cd\u590d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u57fa\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5176\u4e2d\u540c\u8d28\u7269\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(Reality)\uff0c\u4e0e\u5426\u5b9a\u6027(negation)\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u4e48\u88ab\u5b83\u5145\u6ee1\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7a7a\u865a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u53bb\u6389\u6301\u5b58\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u5728)\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u9664\u4e86\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6982\u5ff5\u5916\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5269\uff0c\u6211\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u8868\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u7279\u6743\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u53bb\u6389\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u67d0\u7269\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u8ddf\u968f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8303\u7574\u4e2d\u53ea\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4ece\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u9700\u8981\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u5b83\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff1a"\u4e00\u5207\u5076\u7136\u7684\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0"\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5916\u90e8\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5e84\u91cd\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u8981\u95ee\uff0c\u5076\u7136\u7684\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5176\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8868\u8c61\u73b0\u8c61\u7cfb\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ee7\u8d77\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u8ddf\u968f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u5f88\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u901a\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u624b\u6bb5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u65e0\u529b\u547c\u5401\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5ba2\u89c2\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u6d88\u706d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u800c\u4e0d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u65ad\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5076\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f53\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8303\u7574\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u6765\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u786e\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u8303\u7574(commercium)\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u5f53\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u5f97\u51fa\u65f6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u800c\u4e0d\u72af\u660e\u663e\u7684\u91cd\u8a00\u5f0f\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7528\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5176\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u5b83\u4e0d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u2014\u2014\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5176\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u80fd\u6b3a\u9a97\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u628a\u620f\u3002[38]<\/p>\n
                                                              \n
                                                              [38]\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u6389\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u76f4\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u601d\u7ef4\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u5728\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                                                                \u4e0d\u53ef\u4e89\u8fa9\u5730\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u5148\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u53ea\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\u53ea\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4ece\u4e0d\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u77e5\u6027\u5148\u5929\u5730\u53ea\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9884\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u975e\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u754c\u9650\u5185\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u81ea\u8be9\u80fd\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u9a84\u50b2\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u7684\u8c26\u900a\u6807\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u601d\u7ef4\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u672a\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u4e86\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u76f4\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u5f52\u6444\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u67d0\u7269\u80fd\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u5c11\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u6761\u4ef6(\u56fe\u5f0f)\uff0c\u5f52\u6444\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f52\u6444\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8303\u7574\u7684\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5148\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c31\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8303\u7574\u4e0d\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5148\u5929\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u4ece\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u5148\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u5148\u5929\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                                \u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u91cd\u5927\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u77e5\u6027\u5f53\u5b83\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u79f0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6216\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u4e5f\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7531\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u9664\u4e86\u8303\u7574\u5916\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u88ab\u5f15\u5bfc\u53bb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u672a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u672c\u4f53(noumenon)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u5c31\u5176\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u5b83\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d88\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u77e5\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u611f\u6027\u8bba\u4e5f\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bba\u8ff0\u77e5\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u79bb\u5f00\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u77e5\u6027\u540c\u65f6\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u5176\u8303\u7574\u7528\u4e8e\u8003\u8651\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u53ea\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u89c2\u5ff5\u6027\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5148\u5929\u8fde\u63a5\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5982\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u6574\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u9192\u8bfb\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u6211\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u7ae0\u672b\u5c3e\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u603b\u8bba\u5f00\u5934\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ece\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u8303\u7574\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c06\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8303\u7574\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u51fa\u7ecf\u9a8c\u754c\u9650\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u80fd\u529b\u65e0\u5173\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u601d\u7ef4\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6d88\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u53bb\u6389\u6240\u6709\u601d\u7ef4(\u901a\u8fc7\u8303\u7574)\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5269\u4e0b\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u7eaf\u76f4\u89c2\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ece\u6211\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u611f\u6027\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u6216\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u6211\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u53bb\u6389\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u786e\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8303\u7574\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u786e\u5b9e\u5ef6\u4f38\u8d85\u51fa\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f(\u611f\u6027\u7684)\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u66f4\u5e7f\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u80fd\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u9884\u8bbe\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u611f\u6027\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9884\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6743\u505a\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u6211\u79f0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u7684(problematical)\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269(\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027)\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6743\u4e3b\u5f20\u611f\u6027\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4e0d\uff0c\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u5c06\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u9650\u5236\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u754c\u9650\u5185\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9650\u5236\u611f\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d85\u51fa\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u672c\u4f53\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u77e5\u6027\u6240\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u7a7a\u865a\u7684\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u5730\u5ef6\u4f38\u8d85\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u62e5\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u62e5\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u8d85\u51fa\u611f\u6027\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u80fd\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u800c\u77e5\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u65ad\u8a00\u6027\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9650\u5236\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u6d88\u6781\u7528\u9014\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u6216\u865a\u6784\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u9650\u5236\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u5206\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u672c\u4f53\uff0c\u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u5206\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u4e16\u754c(mundus sensibilis)\u548c\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c(mundus intelligibilis)\u5728\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6982\u5ff5\u786e\u5b9e\u5141\u8bb8\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u672c\u4f53\u7c7b\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u653e\u5f03\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u8303\u7574(\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5)\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5355\u7eaf\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff1f\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u672c\u4f53\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u77e5\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f62\u6210\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8303\u7574\u63a8\u8bba\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u975e\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u76f4\u89c2\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u79cd\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u611f\u6027\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u9650\u5236\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u4e88\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u89c4\u5b9a\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8303\u7574\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u8feb\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u67d0\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u611f\u6027\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u504f\u79bb\u4e86\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a5\u53d7\u786e\u5b9e\u6ca1\u6709\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u5c06\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u590d\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u800c\u8a00\u79f0\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u5176\u8fde\u63a5\u6839\u636e\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6cd5\u5219\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u800c\u8a00\u79f0\u4e3a\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5929\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u5c31\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6307\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u661f\u7a7a\u89c2\u5bdf\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u524d\u8005\uff1b\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u6216\u725b\u987f\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u540e\u8005\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u626d\u66f2\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8be1\u8fa9\u7684\u6258\u8bcd\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u610f\u4e49\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u6765\u907f\u514d\u4e00\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u548c\u7406\u6027\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1b\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7ed9\u4e88\u77e5\u6027\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed9\u4e88\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5148\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f7f\u7528\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5426\u5b9a\u5730\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                              \u4e09\u3001\u9644\u5f55<\/h2>\n
                                                              \u8bba\u53cd\u601d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6b67\u4e49\u6027\u6216\u4e24\u53ef\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u6e90\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/h3>\n
                                                                \u53cd\u601d(reflexio)\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u6ce8\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u53d1\u73b0\u83b7\u5f97\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u8ba4\u77e5\u6e90\u6cc9\u6216\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u8003\u8651\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\uff1f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u8fd8\u662f\u611f\u5b98\uff1f\u8bb8\u591a\u5224\u65ad\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7531\u4e8e\u4e60\u60ef\u6216\u503e\u5411\u5c31\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u771f\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53cd\u601d\u65e2\u4e0d\u5148\u884c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540e\u968f\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u771f\u7406\u6839\u636e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u5019(\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a"\u4e24\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ea\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf")\uff0c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u6bd4\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u5305\u542b\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u6216\u66f4\u5c11\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7684\u771f\u7406\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4e0d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6bd4\u8f83\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u533a\u5206\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u79f0\u4e3a\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d(transcendental reflection)\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u4ea7\u751f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u533a\u5206\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u8fd8\u662f\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u800c\u88ab\u76f8\u4e92\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\u3001\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u5bf9\u7acb\u6027\u3001\u5185\u5728\u6027\u548c\u5916\u5728\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u662f\u53ef\u89c4\u5b9a\u8005\u548c\u89c4\u5b9a\u8005(\u8d28\u6599\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f)\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u89c4\u5b9a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u8fd8\u662f\u77e5\u6027\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \u5728\u6784\u5efa\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c2\u5224\u65ad\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c06\u8981\u653e\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6027(\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027)\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u5f53\u8981\u6784\u5efa\u80af\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff1b\u5f53\u8981\u6784\u5efa\u5426\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(conceptus comparationis)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u540c\u4e00\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u65f6\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\u6216\u8005\u4e0e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u6216\u90a3\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83(comparatio)\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u5426\u540c\u4e00\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u7acb\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u533a\u5206\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f53\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u53cd\u601d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u5176\u8d77\u6e90\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u540c\u8d28\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d(\u5b83\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab)\u5305\u542b\u8868\u8c61\u5f7c\u6b64\u5ba2\u89c2\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u5f88\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u60f3\u8981\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u5efa\u7acb\u5148\u5929\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u5c65\u884c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bf9\u786e\u5b9a\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6295\u4e0b\u4e0d\u5c11\u5149\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. \u540c\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u5dee\u5f02\u6027(Identity and Difference)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                  \u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u591a\u6b21\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u89c4\u5b9a(\u8d28\u548c\u91cf)\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u603b\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u591a\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269(\u6570\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff0cnumerica identitas)\uff1b\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u67d0\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8db3\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u65ad\u8a00\u8fd9\u4e9b(\u611f\u6027\u7684)\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u6570\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6839\u636e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u4e24\u6ef4\u6c34\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u6240\u6709\u5185\u90e8\u5dee\u5f02(\u8d28\u548c\u91cf)\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u6570\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u3002\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5c06\u73b0\u8c61\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u89c6\u4e3a\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u8005(intelligibilia)\uff0c\u5373\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61(\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u540d\u79f0)\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u8fa8\u539f\u5219(principium identatis indiscernibilium)\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u53cd\u9a73\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u77e5\u6027\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5730\u6216\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u6027\u548c\u6570\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u4f3c\u548c\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u5b83\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u4e0e\u540e\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e48\u76f8\u4f3c\u548c\u76f8\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                1. \u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u5bf9\u7acb\u6027(Agreement and Opposition)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                    \u5f53\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u65f6(\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0crealitas noumenon)\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\u88ab\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u6d88\u706d\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u516c\u5f0f3 -3 = 0\u8868\u793a\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005(\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0crealitas phaenomenon)\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5904\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\u7ed3\u5408\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u6d88\u706d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u6548\u679c\u6216\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b\u5c31\u50cf\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\u529b\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u76f4\u7ebf\u4e0a\u5411\u76f8\u53cd\u65b9\u5411\u62c9\u52a8\u6216\u63a8\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u79cd\u5feb\u4e50\u5e73\u8861\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. \u5185\u5728\u6027\u548c\u5916\u5728\u6027(The Internal and External)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                      \u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb(\u5c31\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u800c\u8a00)\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u624d\u662f\u5185\u5728\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u89c4\u5b9a\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u529b\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5438\u5f15\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u4f53\u5411\u81ea\u8eab(\u5438\u5f15\u529b)\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u963b\u6b62\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u4f53\u8fdb\u5165\u81ea\u8eab(\u6392\u65a5\u529b\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5165\u6027)\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6784\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u73b0\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709\u5185\u90e8\u89c4\u5b9a\u548c\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u5185\u611f\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u4ec0\u4e48\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u90e8\u5c5e\u6027\u5462\uff1f\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u4e8b\u7269\u89c6\u4e3a\u672c\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u5426\u8ba4\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u5207\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5426\u8ba4\u7ec4\u5408\u6216\u7ed3\u5408\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5ba3\u79f0\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5177\u6709\u8868\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e00\u8a00\u4ee5\u853d\u4e4b\uff0c\u5355\u5b50(monads)\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. \u8d28\u6599\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f(Matter and Form)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                        \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u6bcf\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\u5730\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u524d\u8005\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u822c\u53ef\u89c4\u5b9a\u8005\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8868\u793a\u5176\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u524d\u79f0\u666e\u904d\u8005\u4e3a\u8d28\u6599\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u666e\u904d\u8005\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5dee\u5f02\u4e3a\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8d28\u6599\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb(\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u8bcd)\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206(\u672c\u8d28\u6027)\u662f\u8d28\u6599\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u88ab\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5c31\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u7269\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u8d28\u6599\uff0c\u5176\u9650\u5236(\u5426\u5b9a)\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5148\u9a8c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u77e5\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u7ed9\u4e88\u67d0\u7269(\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b83\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d28\u6599\u5148\u4e8e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u9996\u5148\u5047\u8bbe\u4e8b\u7269(\u5355\u5b50)\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8868\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53(\u5373\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u2014\u2014\u524d\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u76f4\u63a5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u786e\u5b9e\u4f1a\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u89c4\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027)\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u8d28\u6599(\u611f\u89c9)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u77e5\u6027\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u4e8b\u7269\u5982\u5176\u6240\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e26\u6709\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u5148\u5929\u5730\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u539f\u59cb\u7684\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u884c\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u975e\u4f46\u8d28\u6599(\u6216\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab)\u4e0d\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u57fa\u7840(\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6309\u7167\u6982\u5ff5\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba)\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f4\u89c2(\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4)\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                      \u5173\u4e8e\u53cd\u601d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e24\u53ef\u6027\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba<\/h3>\n
                                                                        \u8bf7\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u611f\u6027\u4e2d\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u5148\u9a8c\u573a\u6240(transcendental place)\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u786e\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u5360\u636e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u9a8c\u573a\u6240\u8bba(transcendental topic)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u8bf4\u5c06\u5b8c\u5168\u4fdd\u62a4\u6211\u4eec\u514d\u53d7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u8ba1\u8c0b\u548c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u9519\u89c9\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5c06\u59cb\u7ec8\u533a\u5206\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e0b\u8bb8\u591a\u8ba4\u77e5\u6392\u5217\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u573a\u6240(logical place)\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u573a\u6240\u8bba\u5c31\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u4fee\u8f9e\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u5b83\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u601d\u7ef4\u6807\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ec0\u4e48\u6700\u9002\u5408\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u80fd\u591f\u8be1\u8fa9\u5e76\u6d41\u7545\u5730\u8c08\u8bba\uff0c\u663e\u51fa\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u573a\u6240\u8bba\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56db\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c\u533a\u5206\u7684\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6784\u6210\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f(\u91cf\u3001\u5b9e\u5728\u6027)\u6765\u8868\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u63d0\u51fa\u5148\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u9700\u8981\u5148\u524d\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u88ab\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u662f\u88ab\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u601d\u8003\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7531\u611f\u6027\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8d39\u5fc3\u8be2\u95ee\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u4f53\u5c5e\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5c31\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5148\u524d\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5c06\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f1a\u6784\u5efa\u6279\u5224\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u9898\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u4e24\u53ef\u6027(transcendental amphiboly)\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7528\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u66ff\u4ee3\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5148\u9a8c\u573a\u6240\u8bba\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u53cd\u601d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e24\u53ef\u6027\u6240\u6b3a\u9a97\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u901a\u8fc7\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7528\u77e5\u6027\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5f62\u5f0f\u6982\u5ff5\u6bd4\u8f83\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5185\u5728\u672c\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u6982\u5ff5\u8868\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5c55\u793a\u4ed6\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bef\u89e3\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u53ea\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u77e5\u6027\u7528\u6765\u533a\u5206\u5176\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u539f\u59cb\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u540c\u2014\u2014\u524d\u8005\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u901a\u5e38\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e8b\u7269\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u67d0\u79cd\u9644\u5e26\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u6df7\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u79bb\u548c\u533a\u5206\u3002\u4e00\u8a00\u4ee5\u853d\u4e4b\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5c06\u73b0\u8c61\u77e5\u6027\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6d1b\u514b\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba(system of noogony)\u4e2d(\u5982\u679c\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8868\u8fbe)\u5c06\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u611f\u6027\u5316\u4e86\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5ba3\u79f0\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6216\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f1f\u4eba\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u548c\u611f\u6027\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6e90\u6cc9\u53ea\u6709\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u624d\u80fd\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u53ea\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u76f4\u63a5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u53ea\u662f\u6df7\u6dc6\u6216\u6574\u7406\u524d\u8005\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u5c06\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u6839\u636e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5c31\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u6216\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e(\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u671f\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5c06\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u8fa8\u539f\u5219(\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u6548)\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61(\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\uff0cmundus phaenomenon)\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u7531\u6b64\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e00\u6ef4\u6c34\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u90e8\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u4e00\u6ef4\u6c34\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u6ef4\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u540c\u4e00\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u77e5\u6027(\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d)\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2(\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d)\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u89c4\u5b9a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6eB\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4f4d\u7f6eA\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u4f3c\u548c\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u591a\u6570\u6027\u548c\u533a\u522b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u81ea\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u751a\u81f3\u5fc5\u7136\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u7eaf\u6982\u5ff5\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5206\u6790\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c"\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u80af\u5b9a)\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u5173\u7cfb\u5b8c\u5168\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u6216\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269(\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u8f7b\u5fae\u7684\u6982\u5ff5)\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dA -B = 0\uff0c\u5230\u5904\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\u7ed3\u5408\u65f6\u6d88\u706d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u6548\u679c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5448\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u773c\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b9e\u5728\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(realitates phaenomena)\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u529b\u5b66\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u6307\u5411\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6982\u5ff5\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u867d\u7136\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u58f0\u52bf\u5ba3\u5e03\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u786e\u5b9e\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u5c06\u5176\u5f15\u5165\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328-\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u90aa\u6076\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u6709\u9650\u672c\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u3002(\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u5219\u4e0d\u7136\u3002)\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u80fd\u800c\u4e14\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u9664\u4e86\u77db\u76fe(\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u88ab\u6d88\u706d)\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbe\u60f3\u76f8\u4e92\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u5728\u539f\u56e0\u6d88\u706d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u5728\u611f\u6027\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u5176\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u5355\u5b50\u8bba\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u8fd9\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u77e5\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8868\u793a\u5185\u5728\u6027\u548c\u5916\u5728\u6027\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e00\u822c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53d7\u7ec4\u5408\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u2014\u2014\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u4e2d\u5185\u5728\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u5f62\u72b6\u3001\u63a5\u89e6\u6216\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u5185\u90e8\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u5355\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8981\u5f62\u6210\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u52a8\u529b\u91cf\u5728\u4e8e\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6548\u679c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u9650\u5236\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                                        \u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ed6\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u611f\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u6027\u5316\uff0c\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u9519\u89c9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027\u6765\u8868\u8c61\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u540c\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u501f\u52a9\u4e8e\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c06\u65f6\u95f4\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u52a8\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u5b58\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5148\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4e8b\u7269(\u5b9e\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u72b6\u6001)\u81ea\u8eab\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53(substantiae noumena)\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u611f\u6027\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u7ed9\u611f\u5b98\u7559\u4e0b\u6df7\u6dc6\u548c\u6270\u4e71\u524d\u8005\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u9119\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6784\u5efa\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898(\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684)\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u8868\u8c61\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d\u4e2d\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u6bd4\u8f83\u6211\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4e8b\u7269\u81ea\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4ece\u4e0d\u4ee5\u73b0\u8c61\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u53cd\u601d\u6982\u5ff5\u91c7\u53d6\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53(substantia phaenomenon)\u3002\u6211\u5728\u5b83\u5360\u636e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5b83\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u786e\u5b9e\u6c38\u8fdc\u53ea\u662f\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u7531\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u6784\u6210\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5185\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u4e0d\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u672a\u77e5\u7269(nescio quid)\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u672c\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5e26\u6709\u4e0e\u6240\u7528\u8868\u8fbe\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u62b1\u6028\u65e0\u6cd5\u77e5\u89c9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5185\u5728\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u663e\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u81ea\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u611a\u8822\u548c\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u62b1\u6028\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u7684\u4eba\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5b98\u5c31\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u76f4\u89c2\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u529b\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u53ca\u5176\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u624b\u6bb5\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u672c\u6027\u548c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5206\u6790\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u5165\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u8bf4\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u4f46\u90a3\u4e9b\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u9650\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u90fd\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u76f4\u89c2\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u9690\u85cf\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u6e90\u6cc9\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ea\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u8ba4\u77e5\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u8ba4\u77e5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u9690\u85cf\u5f97\u592a\u6df1\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e2d\u53ea\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u70ed\u5207\u5e0c\u671b\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u975e\u611f\u6027\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u8fd9\u79cd\u5355\u7eaf\u53cd\u601d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6548\u7528\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7279\u522b\u575a\u6301\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u867d\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u5305\u542b\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u7eaf\u7cb9\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u601d\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u4e24\u8005\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u54ea\u4e2a\u662f\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u4e2a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u601d\u8003\u90a3\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61(\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a)\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9996\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u5b83\u662f\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u8fd8\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u7981\u6b62\u6211\u4eec\u8d85\u8d8a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u611f\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u62bd\u8c61\u6389\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u601d\u8003\u5b83\u4eec\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u8005\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\uff1b\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4ec5\u4ec5\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0d\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u9884\u8bbe\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u601d\u8003\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u80af\u5b9a(\u5b9e\u5728\u6027)\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u786e\u5b9e\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u88ab\u62bd\u8c61\u6216\u64a4\u56de\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u77db\u76fe\u6216\u5bf9\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u5982\u6b64\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u2014\u2014\u53e4\u4eca\u6700\u654f\u9510\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u77e5\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u53cd\u601d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7528\u9014\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u6b64\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u88ab\u8bef\u5bfc\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u58f0\u79f0\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u5c31\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9610\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e24\u53ef\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u754c\u9650\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6240\u80af\u5b9a\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u5176\u4efb\u4f55\u90e8\u5206(\u5168\u79f0\u548c\u7279\u79f0\u539f\u5219\uff0cdictum de omni et nullo)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u547d\u9898\u6539\u53d8\u4e3a\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5728\u5176\u4e0b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u4e8e\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u7136\u800c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u77e5\u6027\u4f53\u7cfb\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u4e0e\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6240\u6709\u542b\u7cca\u539f\u5219\u4e00\u8d77\u5d29\u584c\u3002<\/p>\n
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                                                                      [39]\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u6258\u8bcd\uff0c\u8bf4\u81f3\u5c11\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(realitates noumena)\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u975e\u611f\u6027\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u8868\u793a\u67d0\u7269\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u5916\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4ece\u4e0d\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u7684\u610f\u601d\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u8fc7\u7684\u547d\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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62f\u88ab\u7edd\u5bf9\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u9650\u5236\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u6269\u5c55\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u7981\u6b62\u611f\u6027\u5c06\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u9650\u5236\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u9886\u57df\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u601d\u8003\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u539f\u56e0(\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u8c61)\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u91cf\u6216\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u6216\u5b9e\u4f53(\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u603b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u611f\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61)\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bf4\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u5916\u9047\u5230\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u611f\u6027\u4e00\u8d77\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u611f\u6027\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e3a\u672c\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u662f\u975e\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b83\u5e94\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u6765\u6307\u793a\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u767d\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u6765\u586b\u5145\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u6279\u5224\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u5916\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u5165\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u4e0d\uff0c\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u52aa\u529b\u5f62\u6210\u5173\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u79cd\u2014\u2014\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u539f\u8c05\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8c8c\u4f3c\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8fdd\u80cc\u5176\u672c\u6765\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4f7f\u547d\u800c\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u88ab\u8feb\u6839\u636e\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u89c4\u8303\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u6839\u636e\u76f4\u89c2\u6765\u5b89\u6392\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u53ea\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u53c8\u5728\u4e8e\u7edf\u89c9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u601d\u8003\u67d0\u7269\u5e76\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u611f\u6027\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b83\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u7eaf\u601d\u7ef4\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u81ea\u8eab(\u672c\u4f53)\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u9650\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \u5728\u7ed3\u675f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8865\u5145\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u6765\u8bf4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u901a\u5e38\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u533a\u5206\u90fd\u9884\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u533a\u5206\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u5730\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b83\u662f\u67d0\u7269\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u7269\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8303\u7574\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u533a\u5206\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u67d0\u7269\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u7269\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u8303\u7574\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u548c\u65b9\u5411\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. \n
                                                                        \u5bf9\u4e8e\u91cf\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u3001\u8bb8\u591a\u548c\u4e00\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u6d88\u706d\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u65e0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61 = \u65e0\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(\u7406\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u8005\uff0cens rationis)\uff0c\u5982\u672c\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8005\u5982\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u77db\u76fe\u5730\u88ab\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. \n
                                                                        \u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u662f\u67d0\u7269\uff1b\u5426\u5b9a\u662f\u65e0\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u5bd2\u51b7\uff0c\u9634\u5f71(\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u65e0\uff0cnihil privativum)\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. \n
                                                                        \u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61(\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61)\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61(\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\uff0cens imaginarium)\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. \n
                                                                        \u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u65e0\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u65e0\u7269\u2014\u2014\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u7531\u4e24\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u6784\u6210\u7684\u56fe\u5f62(\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u65e0\uff0cnihil negativum)\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                          \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u8868(\u6709\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u5206\u7c7b\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7279\u522b\u63cf\u8ff0)\u5fc5\u987b\u6309\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6392\u5217\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                                                                              \u65e0\n                     \u4f5c\u4e3a\n\n                      1\n                  \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\n                   \u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\n                  \u7406\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u8005\n          2                          3\n      \u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684                    \u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\n       \u7a7a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c                   \u7a7a\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\n       \u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u65e0                    \u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\n                      4\n                   \u7a7a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\n                   \u6ca1\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\n                   \u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u65e0<\/code><\/pre>\n
                                                                          \u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e0e\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u65e0\u6216\u7eaf\u7cb9\u65e0\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7b97\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u6784\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u65e0\u548c\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7a7a\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u5982\u679c\u611f\u5b98\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u5149\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8868\u8c61\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\u5230\u5ef6\u5c55\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8868\u8c61\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                                                                          \u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 I. Transcendental Doctrine of  …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[233,229],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1579"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1579"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1589,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1579\/revisions\/1589"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}