{"id":1570,"date":"2025-02-21T10:10:03","date_gmt":"2025-02-21T02:10:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/?p=1570"},"modified":"2025-10-09T13:54:10","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T05:54:10","slug":"tcopr-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/21\/tcopr-02\/","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224\u300b02 \u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/div><\/p>\n

  \u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8Transcendental Doctrine of Elements<\/code>\u90e8\u5206\u7684TRANSCENDENTAL \u00c6STHETIC<\/code>\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

I. Transcendental Doctrine of Elements\n    First Part\u2014TRANSCENDENTAL \u00c6STHETIC\n            \u00a7 1. Introductory\n        SECTION I. OF SPACE\n            \u00a7 2. Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.\n            \u00a7 3. Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Space.\n            \u00a7 4. Conclusions from the foregoing Conceptions.\n        SECTION II. OF TIME\n            \u00a7 5. Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.\n            \u00a7 6. Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Time.\n            \u00a7 7. Conclusions from the above Conceptions.\n            \u00a7 8. Elucidation.\n            \u00a7 9. General Remarks on Transcendental \u00c6sthetic.\n            \u00a7 10. Conclusion of the Transcendental \u00c6sthetic.<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u7b80\u4ecb<\/h2>\n
Introductory.<\/strong><\/p>\n
1.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. \u77e5\u8bc6\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n
  2. \u611f\u6027\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/li>\n
  3. \u611f\u89c9\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/li>\n
  4. \u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u8d28\u6599<\/li>\n
  5. \u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/li>\n
  6. \u8d85\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u7684\u754c\u5b9a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    1.2 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h2>\n
      \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u65e0\u8bba\u4ee5\u4f55\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u4f55\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u5b83\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u53d1\u751f\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u89c2(intuition)\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u601d\u7ef4\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f46\u76f4\u89c2\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f71\u54cd\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63a5\u53d7\u8868\u8c61(representations)\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u611f\u6027(sensibility)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u552f\u6709\u611f\u6027\u624d\u80fd\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f4\u89c2\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u6027(understanding)\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u6982\u5ff5(conceptions)\u3002\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u601d\u7ef4\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u4e9b\u7b26\u53f7\u6700\u7ec8\u5173\u8054\u5230\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5173\u8054\u5230\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u80fd\u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n
      \u5bf9\u8c61\u5bf9\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u611f\u89c9(sensation)\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u89c9\u800c\u5173\u8054\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2(empirical intuition)\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u672a\u786e\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61(phenomenon)\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u4e0e\u611f\u89c9\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5176\u8d28\u6599(matter)\uff1b\u800c\u4f7f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0b\u88ab\u5b89\u6392\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f(form)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u88ab\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u5e76\u501f\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u5448\u73b0\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8d28\u6599\u662f\u540e\u5929(\u00e0 posteriori)\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5929(\u00e0 priori)\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u4e00\u5207\u611f\u89c9\u5206\u79bb\u5730\u88ab\u8003\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n
      \u4ece\u8d85\u9a8c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u628a\u5176\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684(pure)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6742\u591a\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0b\u88ab\u5b89\u6392\u548c\u89c2\u770b\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2(pure intuition)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u53bb\u9664\u77e5\u6027\u6240\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff08\u5982\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u3001\u529b\u3001\u53ef\u5206\u6027\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff08\u5982\u4e0d\u53ef\u5165\u6027\u3001\u786c\u5ea6\u3001\u989c\u8272\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u4ecd\u4f1a\u7559\u4e0b\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u5e7f\u5ef6\u6027\u548c\u5f62\u72b6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\u5148\u5929\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u611f\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n
      \u6211\u628a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u5148\u5929\u611f\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d85\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba(transcendental aesthetic)[10]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d85\u9a8c\u8981\u7d20\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e0e\u5305\u542b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u601d\u7ef4\u539f\u7406\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d85\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91(transcendental logic)\u3002<\/p>\n
    \n
    [10] \u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u552f\u4e00\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6765\u8868\u793a\u4ed6\u4eba\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u8da3\u5473\u6279\u5224\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u5373\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u9c8d\u59c6\u52a0\u767b(Baumgarten)\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u7f8e\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7f6e\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u539f\u7406\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u89c4\u5219\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u8ff0\u89c4\u5219\u6216\u6807\u51c6\u5c31\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u800c\u8a00\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u89c4\u5f8b\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u54c1\u5473\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u68c0\u9a8c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u7406\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u653e\u5f03\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u6307\u79f0\u8da3\u5473\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u611f\u6027\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u53e4\u4eba\u5728\u5176\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u5212\u5206\uff08\u611f\u6027\u7684\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff09\u4e2d\u6240\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0e\u601d\u8fa8\u54f2\u5b66\u5171\u4eab\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u8d85\u9a8c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
      \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8d85\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u8fd9\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u8981\u628a\u611f\u6027\u6216\u611f\u89c9\u80fd\u529b\u72ec\u7acb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5c06\u77e5\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u9644\u52a0\u5230\u5176\u77e5\u89c9\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5206\u79bb\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u9664\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u4e4b\u5916\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u5269\u4e0b\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u53bb\u9664\u4e00\u5207\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u611f\u6027\u6240\u80fd\u5148\u5929\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u77e5\u8bc6\u539f\u7406\u7684\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u8003\u5bdf\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u4e8c\u3001\u8bba\u7a7a\u95f4<\/h2>\n
    2.1 \u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u9610\u8ff0<\/h3>\n
    Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2.1.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \u5f15\u8a00\uff1a\u63d0\u51fa\u7a7a\u95f4\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n
    2. \u8bba\u70b91\uff1a\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6d3e\u751f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/li>\n
    3. \u8bba\u70b92\uff1a\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u8868\u8c61<\/li>\n
    4. \u8bba\u70b93\uff1a\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u800c\u975e\u6982\u5ff5<\/li>\n
    5. \u8bba\u70b94\uff1a\u7a7a\u95f4\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u65e0\u9650\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u91cf<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      2.1.2 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h3>\n
        \u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u611f\u5b98(external sense)\uff08\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u3001\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u6216\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5185\u611f\u5b98(internal sense)\uff0c\u5373\u5fc3\u7075\u501f\u4ee5\u89c2\u7167\u81ea\u8eab\u6216\u5176\u5185\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\uff0c\u8bda\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u7075\u9b42\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5185\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u89c2\u7167\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u5207\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u5185\u5728\u89c4\u5b9a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7269\u5417\uff1f\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u4ece\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269(things in themselves)\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6784\u9020(subjective constitution)\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c13\u8bcd\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u9644\u7740\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u8981\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u505a\u51fa\u9610\u8ff0(exposition)\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u6211\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u505a\u51fa\u6e05\u6670\u4f46\u975e\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\uff1b\u5f53\u9610\u8ff0\u5305\u542b\u8868\u73b0\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3a\u5148\u5929(\u00e0 priori)\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9610\u8ff0\u5c31\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
        \n
      1. \n
        \u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6d3e\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(conception)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e9b\u611f\u89c9\u80fd\u591f\u5173\u8054\u5230\u6211\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u67d0\u7269\uff08\u5373\u5360\u636e\u7740\u4e0e\u6211\u6240\u5728\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u67d0\u7269\uff09\uff1b\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u3001\u5f7c\u6b64\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u548c\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61(representation)\u5fc5\u987b\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u501f\u6765\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5148\u884c\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
      2. \n
        \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u60f3\u8c61\u6216\u8868\u8c61\u51fa\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8bbe\u60f3\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
      3. \n
        \u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u6027\u7684(discursive)\u6216\u6240\u8c13\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2(pure intuition)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u8868\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u591a\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6307\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u6210\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u9650\u5236\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\uff08\u975e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff09\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982"\u5728\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u4efb\u610f\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e4b\u548c\u5927\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u8fb9"\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u7ebf\u548c\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6982\u5ff5\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5177\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u6027(apodeictic certainty)\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
      4. \n
        \u7a7a\u95f4\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u91cf(infinite given quantity)\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u5728\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u7edf\u6444\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0b\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u80fd\u88ab\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u7740\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5374\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u88ab\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u540c\u6837\u80fd\u591f\u65e0\u9650\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u539f\u521d\u8868\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        2.2 \u7a7a\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u9610\u8ff0<\/h3>\n
        Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Space.<\/strong><\/p>\n
        2.2.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
          \n
        1. \u5b9a\u4e49\u8d85\u9a8c\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u542b\u4e49<\/li>\n
        2. \u4ee5\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u4e3a\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7279\u6027<\/li>\n
        3. \u8bba\u8bc1\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/li>\n
        4. \u5f97\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          2.2.2 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
            \u6240\u8c13\u8d85\u9a8c\u9610\u8ff0(transcendental exposition)\uff0c\u6211\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u7406\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d1e\u5bdf\u5176\u4ed6\u7efc\u5408\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u8bc6(synthetical \u00e0 priori cognitions)\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u786e\u5b9e\u4ece\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6d41\u51fa(flow from)\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5bf9\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u505a\u51fa\u7279\u5b9a\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0b\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u5148\u5929\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u539f\u521d\u5730\u662f\u76f4\u89c2(intuition)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e0d\u51fa\u8d85\u51fa\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u547d\u9898\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u4e2d\u5374\u786e\u5b9e\u53d1\u751f\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u5bfc\u8bba\u7b2c\u4e94\u8282\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5929\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u77e5\u89c9\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u800c\u975e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u603b\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u7684(apodeictic)\uff0c\u5373\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5bf9\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5982"\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6"\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u7c7b\u547d\u9898\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u5bfc\u8bba\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282\uff09\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5148\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5148\u5929\u5730\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u5462\uff1f\u663e\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u88ab\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f71\u54cd\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u76f4\u63a5\u8868\u8c61\uff08\u5373\u76f4\u89c2\uff09\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u80fd\u529b(formal capacity)\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5f62\u5f0f\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u7efc\u5408\u5148\u5929\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u624d\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c55\u793a\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u5fd7\u800c\u88ab\u6700\u786e\u5b9a\u5730\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
          2.3 \u4ece\u524d\u8ff0\u6982\u5ff5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba<\/h3>\n
          Conclusions from the foregoing Conceptions.<\/strong><\/p>\n
          2.3.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
            \n
          1. \u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u89c4\u5b9a\uff08what space is not\uff09<\/li>\n
          2. \u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u89c4\u5b9a\uff08what space is\uff09<\/li>\n
          3. \u7a7a\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u9650\u5236<\/li>\n
          4. \u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              (a) \u7a7a\u95f4\u65e2\u4e0d\u8868\u73b0\u7269\u81ea\u4f53(things in themselves)\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8868\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u62bd\u53bb\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ecd\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fd8\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684(\u00e0 priori)\u3002<\/p>\n
              (b) \u7a7a\u95f4\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f(form)\uff0c\u5373\u611f\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6(subjective condition)\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u88ab\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u6027(receptivity)\u6216\u80fd\u529b\u5fc5\u7136\u5148\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u77e5\u89c9\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n
              \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4ece\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u8c08\u8bba\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u5e7f\u5ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c13\u8bcd\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u4eec\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u5373\u4f5c\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u7684\u6052\u5e38\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u62bd\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u6210\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61(phenomena)\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u80fd\u591f\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5916\u5728\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u88ab\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e3b\u4f53\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u601d\u7ef4\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5224\u65ad\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u9650\u5236\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u540c\u6837\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c"\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u90bb"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u624d\u6709\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u628a\u6761\u4ef6\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a"\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u90bb"\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(reality)\uff08\u5373\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff09\u662f\u5c31\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5916\u5728\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u6027(ideality)\u662f\u5c31\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u6027\u8003\u8651\u7684\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6784\u9020\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u7a7a\u95f4\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5177\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(empirical reality)\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u7406\u60f3\u6027(transcendental ideality)\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u64a4\u9500\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u628a\u7a7a\u95f4\u770b\u4f5c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n
              \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u6307\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u89c2\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u4ece\u7a7a\u95f4\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u90a3\u6837\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u7b2c3\u8282\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u60f3\u6027\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u8868\u8c61\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u77e5\u89c9\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u672c\u6027\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u989c\u8272\u3001\u58f0\u97f3\u548c\u70ed\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u3001\u542c\u89c9\u548c\u89e6\u89c9\u7b49\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u611f\u89c9\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5148\u5929\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\uff1a\u9632\u6b62\u6709\u4eba\u7528\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u7406\u60f3\u6027\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7528\u989c\u8272\u3001\u5473\u9053\u7b49\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u53ea\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u6735\u73ab\u7470\uff0c\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u77e5\u6027\u5f53\u4f5c\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u6765\u770b\u5f85\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u773c\u775b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u989c\u8272\u800c\u8a00\u53ef\u80fd\u663e\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u6027\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u672a\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7269\uff0c\u5373\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u800c\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4ece\u672a\u5bf9\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u8be2\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u4e09\u3001\u8bba\u65f6\u95f4<\/h2>\n
            3.1  \u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u9610\u8ff0<\/h3>\n
            Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.<\/strong><\/p>\n
            3.1.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
              \n
            1. \u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u975e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027<\/li>\n
            2. \u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027<\/li>\n
            3. \u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u6027<\/li>\n
            4. \u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u6027\u8d28<\/li>\n
            5. \u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              3.1.1 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
                1. \u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(empirical conception)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929(\u00e0 priori)\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u611f\u77e5\u5171\u5b58(coexistence)\u6216\u7ee7\u8d77(succession)\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u8868\u8c61\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u5171\u540c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8868\u8c61\u5b83\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u6027(contemporaneously)\u6216\u7ee7\u8d77\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                2. \u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u8868\u8c61(necessary representation)\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5c31\u73b0\u8c61(phenomena)\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u65f6\u95f4\u4ece\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u601d\u7ef4\u6389\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u73b0\u8c61\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u8131\u79bb\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7a7a\u6d1e\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u5168\u90e8\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\uff0c\u4f46\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5982\u6b64\u53d6\u6d88\u3002<\/p>\n
                3. \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u7684(apodeictic)\u539f\u7406\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u516c\u7406\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a"\u65f6\u95f4\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6"\uff0c"\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u800c\u662f\u7ee7\u8d77\u7684"\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u7ee7\u8d77\u7684\u800c\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u7406\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4"\u4e00\u822c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u7684"\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4"\u5fc5\u987b\u5982\u6b64"\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u7406\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e00\u822c\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u6307\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n
                4. \u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u8ff0\u6027\u7684(discursive)\u6216\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f(pure form of the sensuous intuition)\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u5171\u5b58\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u666e\u904d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u7684(synthetical)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u5b83\u56e0\u6b64\u76f4\u63a5\u5305\u542b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
                5. \u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u6027(infinity)\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cf\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u9650\u5236(limitations)\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u539f\u521d\u8868\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e3a\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u8868\u8c61\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u91cf\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u9650\u5236\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8868\u8c61\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u90e8\u5206\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u76f4\u89c2\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
              3.2 \u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u9610\u8ff0<\/h3>\n
              Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Time.<\/strong><\/p>\n
              3.2.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
                \n
              1. \u5f15\u7528\u524d\u6587\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u9610\u8ff0<\/li>\n
              2. \u8bba\u8bc1\u53d8\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd<\/li>\n
              3. \u8bf4\u660e\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u7efc\u5408\u5148\u5929\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                3.3.2 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
                  \u6211\u5728\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u53ca\u4e0a\u6587\uff08\u00a7 5, 3\uff09\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7b80brevity\u7684\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u6211\u628a\u672c\u5e94\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8d85\u9a8c\u9610\u8ff0(transcendental exposition)\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u9610\u8ff0(metaphysical exposition)\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u53d8\u5316(change)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8(motion)\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61(representation of time)\u4e2d\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u5929\u7684\uff08\u5185\u5728\u7684\uff09\u76f4\u89c2(intuition (internal) \u00e0 priori)\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4efb\u4f55\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u540c\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a(determinations)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684(after each other)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5148\u5929\u77e5\u8bc6(synthetical knowledge \u00e0 priori)\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5c55\u793a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5b66\u8bf4\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                3.3 \u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6982\u5ff5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba<\/h3>\n
                Conclusions from the above Conceptions.<\/strong><\/p>\n
                3.3.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
                  \n
                1. \u5426\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5b9e\u5728\u6027<\/li>\n
                2. \u786e\u7acb\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u6027<\/li>\n
                3. \u8bba\u8bc1\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\u6027<\/li>\n
                4. \u8bf4\u660e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4e0e\u8d85\u9a8c\u7406\u60f3\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  3.3.2 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
                    (a) \u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u884c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u67d0\u7269(something which subsists of itself)\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u89c4\u5b9a\u800c\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u62bd\u53bb\u4e8b\u7269\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u5411\u4efb\u4f55\u77e5\u89c9\u80fd\u529b\u5448\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u6216\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5148\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898(synthetical propositions \u00e0 priori)\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6216\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u65f6\u95f4\u4ec5\u4ec5\u89c6\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u5c31\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
                    (b) \u65f6\u95f4\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5185\u611f\u5b98(internal sense)\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u81ea\u6211\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u5b83\u65e2\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5f62\u72b6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u89c4\u5b9a\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0d\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u72b6\u6216\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6765\u5f25\u8865\u8fd9\u79cd\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u6761\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u7ebf\u6765\u8868\u73b0\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u7ebf\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u8fd9\u6761\u7ebf\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5373\u7ebf\u7684\u8bf8\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8bf8\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7ee7\u8d77\u7684(successive)\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4e5f\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u80fd\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n
                    (c) \u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6(formal condition \u00e0 priori)\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u5728\u72b6\u6001\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u65f6\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u5148\u5929\u5730\u8bf4"\u6240\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u7a7a\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5148\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a"\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u539f\u7406\u666e\u904d\u5730\u786e\u8ba4"\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u5207\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e14\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u5904\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d"\u3002<\/p>\n
                    \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u62bd\u53bb\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u529b\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u628a\u5bf9\u8c61\u770b\u4f5c\u5176\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u62bd\u53bb\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u62bd\u53bb\u90a3\u79cd\u7279\u6709\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u8c08\u8bba\u4e8b\u7269\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u56e0\u6b64\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\uff08\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\uff09\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u603b\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u53d7\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u6216\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c31\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5c31\u4e00\u5207\u8fdb\u5165\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4"\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d"\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u62bd\u53bb\u4e86\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u63d0\u53ca\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bf4"\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u4f5c\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d"\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u5176\u786e\u5b9e\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5148\u5929\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
                    \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(empirical reality)\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u603b\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d7\u65f6\u95f4\u6761\u4ef6\u5236\u7ea6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5426\u8ba4\u65f6\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(absolute reality)\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5426\u8ba4\u5b83\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u5c5e\u6027\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u7406\u60f3\u6027(transcendental ideality)\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u62bd\u53bb\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u6216\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u6027\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u865a\u5047\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u6216\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bba\u8bc1\u6216\u8bf4\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8bbe\u73b0\u8c61\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\uff09\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5173\u6d89\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\uff08\u00a7 4\uff09\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
                  3.4 \u9610\u660e<\/h3>\n
                  Elucidation.<\/strong><\/p>\n
                  3.4.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
                    \n
                  1. \u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u4e0e\u56de\u5e94<\/li>\n
                  2. \u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u89e3\u91ca<\/li>\n
                  3. \u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6279\u8bc4<\/li>\n
                  4. \u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u754c\u5b9a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    3.4.2 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
                      \u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u627f\u8ba4\u65f6\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(empirical reality)\u4f46\u5426\u8ba4\u5176\u7edd\u5bf9\u548c\u8d85\u9a8c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u542c\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u667a\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5f02\u8bae\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u65ad\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f02\u8bae\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u521d\u6b21\u63a5\u89e6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u8651\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u5fc3\u4e2d\u3002\u5f02\u8bae\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a"\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684"\uff08\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u6240\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5426\u8ba4\u6240\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u53ca\u5176\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u53d8\u5316\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65f6\u95f4\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f02\u8bae\u5e76\u4e0d\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6211\u627f\u8ba4\u6574\u4e2a\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(subjective reality)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5c31\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u786e\u5b9e\u5177\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6211\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6211\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u53d7\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u800c\u76f4\u89c2\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u6240\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5c31\u4f1a\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u7edd\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(absolute reality)\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002[11]\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u53bb\u9664\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u5c31\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff1b\u5b83\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u76f4\u89c2\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff08\u6216\u5fc3\u7075\uff09\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
                    \n
                    [11]\u6211\u786e\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4"\u6211\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u662f\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684(follow one another)\u6216\u7ee7\u8d77\u7684(successive)"\uff1b\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u8d77\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u9644\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c2\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                      \u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u9488\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u7531\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u7406\u60f3\u6027\u5b66\u8bf4\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u671b\u8bc1\u660e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u5177\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u4e25\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u5373\u6211\u81ea\u8eab\u548c\u6211\u7684\u5185\u5728\u72b6\u6001\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u901a\u8fc7\u610f\u8bc6\u76f4\u63a5\u663e\u660e\u3002\u524d\u8005\u2014\u2014\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5e7b\u89c9\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u8005\u2014\u2014\u6211\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\u5730\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61(phenomenon)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u603b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53(thing in itself)\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u76f4\u89c2\u5b83\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u6027\u6b63\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u7684\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u5411\u5176\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u5374\u5b9e\u5728\u5730\u4e14\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u5c5e\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
                      \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5929\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u5404\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ca\u5176\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u663e\u8457\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u6e90\u6cc9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u5448\u73b0\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u9886\u57df\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5192\u9669\u8d85\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c2\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u52a8\u6447\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u540c\u6837\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f20\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u81ea\u884c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d8\u6837\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u539f\u7406\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u6096\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u628a\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u6210\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\u4e24\u4e2a\u81ea\u884c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u975e\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u548c\u6c38\u6052\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bb9\u7eb3\u4e00\u5207\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u91c7\u53d6\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u504f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u628a\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u62bd\u8c61\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6bd7\u90bb\u6027\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u79bb\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u88ab\u6df7\u6dc6\u5730\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc5\u987b\u5426\u8ba4\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u4e49\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\uff09\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6709\u6548\u6027\u2014\u2014\u81f3\u5c11\u5426\u8ba4\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u786e\u5b9e\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u540e\u5929\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6982\u5ff5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u521b\u9020\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u6e90\u6cc9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u62bd\u8c61\u51fa\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u666e\u904d\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u6d3e\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u73b0\u8c61\u9886\u57df\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f53\u77e5\u6027\u8bd5\u56fe\u8d85\u8d8a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9650\u5236\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u5c31\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u3002\u540e\u4e00\u6d3e\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5373\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u5224\u65ad\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u5176\u4e0e\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e0d\u4f1a\u59a8\u788d\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5148\u5929\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u547d\u9898\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u5fc5\u7136\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u611f\u6027\u539f\u521d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u514b\u670d\u3002<\/p>\n
                      \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8d85\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5c31\u8db3\u591f\u660e\u663e\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u90fd\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd0\u52a8\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u53ef\u8fd0\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd0\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u8d85\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8ba1\u5165\u5176\u5148\u5929\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u7269\u624d\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u67d0\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b58\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ca\u5176\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7ee7\u8d77\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u4e00\u8a00\u4ee5\u853d\u4e4b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n
                    3.5<\/h3>\n
                    3.5.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n
                      \n
                    1. \u611f\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027<\/li>\n
                    2. \u65f6\u7a7a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u6027<\/li>\n
                    3. \u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u533a\u5206<\/li>\n
                    4. \u611f\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5fc5\u7136\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      3.5.2 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h4>\n
                        I. \u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u4efb\u4f55\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u91cd\u8ff0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6(sensuous cognition)\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u662f\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61(representation of phenomena)\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u7684\u6784\u6210\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u9664\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53bb\u9664\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u884c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53(things in themselves)\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u6027(receptivity)\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u7279\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5176\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u611f\u89c9\u662f\u5176\u8d28\u6599(matter)\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5148\u5929\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u77e5\u89c9\u4e4b\u524d\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e2d\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u540e\u5929\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u524d\u8005\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730\u4e14\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u5728\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u9762\u524d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u53ea\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u59cb\u7ec8\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u6700\u521d\u9644\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u800c"\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u4e4b\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n
                        \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u6709\u611f\u6027\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u533a\u5206\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6807\u8bb0\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u5bf9\u611f\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u5316\u7684\u6b6a\u66f2\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u8bf4\u53d8\u5f97\u7a7a\u6d1e\u4e14\u65e0\u7528\u3002\u6e05\u6670\u8868\u8c61\u548c\u6df7\u6dc6\u8868\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u5185\u5bb9\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u5065\u5168\u77e5\u6027\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6982\u5ff5\u5305\u542b\u6700\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u80fd\u4ece\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u666e\u901a\u5b9e\u8df5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5305\u542b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u65ad\u8a00\u666e\u901a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u663e\u73b0\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u77e5\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\uff08\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u67d0\u7269\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u8fd9\u79cd\u663e\u73b0\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u5b98\u80fd\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7814\u7a76\u5230\u6700\u6df1\u5904\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
                        \u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328-\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u54f2\u5b66(Leibnitz-Wolfian philosophy)\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u548c\u8d77\u6e90\u65f6\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u5b8c\u5168\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u628a\u611f\u6027\u548c\u77e5\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u89c6\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\u663e\u7136\u662f\u8d85\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u6e05\u6670\u6027\u6216\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6d89\u53ca\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u5b98\u80fd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u548c\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u62bd\u53bb\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fde\u540c\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u672c\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
                        \u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u786e\u5b9e\u533a\u5206\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u6027\u5b98\u80fd\u90fd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u548c\u5076\u7136\u5730\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u611f\u6027\u5b98\u80fd\u4e00\u822c\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u6548\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e60\u60ef\u8bf4\u524d\u8005\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u53ea\u5448\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u663e\u73b0\u6216\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5206\u53ea\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u505c\u4e0b\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u628a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f4\u89c2\u672c\u8eab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u533a\u5206\u5c31\u4e22\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u76f8\u4fe1\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u611f\u6027\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u53ea\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5f69\u8679\u79f0\u4e3a\u9633\u5149\u4e0b\u96e8\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u663e\u73b0\u6216\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u96e8\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b9e\u5728\u7269\u6216\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff1b\u4ece\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7269\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u540e\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u666e\u904d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u611f\u6027\u77e5\u89c9\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\u8fd9\u822c\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u5730\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u800c\u8be2\u95ee\u5176\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u8868\u73b0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff08\u96e8\u6ef4\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u8d85\u9a8c\u7684\uff1b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u96e8\u6ef4\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5706\u5f62\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u5b83\u4eec\u843d\u4e0b\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5728\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u53d8\u6837\u6216\u57fa\u672c\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u8d85\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u4ecd\u7136\u5b8c\u5168\u672a\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n
                        \u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c8c\u4f3c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\u83b7\u5f97\u9752\u7750\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8981\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u8bfb\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u79cd\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4f7f\u5176\u6709\u6548\u6027\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u7b2c3\u8282\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
                        \u5047\u8bbe\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u8bb8\u591a\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u5c06\u504f\u91cd\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u547d\u9898\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u95ee\uff1a\u4f60\u4ece\u4f55\u5904\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u529b\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u7136\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff1f<\/p>\n
                      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                        II. \u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u8ba4\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u548c\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7279\u522b\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e2d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u9664\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\uff08\u75bc\u75db\u548c\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002\uff09\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\uff1a\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u5e7f\u5ef6\u6027\uff09\u3001\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff08\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff08\u8fd0\u52a8\u529b\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6d3b\u52a8\u6216\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u89c2\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e3a\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u5730\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u53ea\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u5728\u5176\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u53ea\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
                        \u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5fc3\u7075\u6240\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5b89\u7f6e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5148\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7740\u7ee7\u8d77\u7684\u3001\u5171\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u7ee7\u8d77\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8868\u8c61\u80fd\u591f\u5148\u4e8e\u5bf9\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\uff09\u6240\u6709\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\uff1b\u5f53\u5b83\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u67d0\u7269\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u4e4b\u5916\u4e0d\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u88ab\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u6d3b\u52a8\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\u5448\u73b0\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u88ab\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u5c31\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5b98\u5a92\u4ecb\u800c\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4e48\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u8ba4\u5b58\u5728\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u5b83\u5728\u5176\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u81ea\u53d1\u6d3b\u52a8\u65f6\u90a3\u6837\u5224\u65ad\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u5b8c\u5168\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\uff1f\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u5171\u6709\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff08\u7edf\u89c9\uff09\u662f\u5bf9"\u81ea\u6211"\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u8868\u8c61\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u591a\u6837\u8868\u8c61\u90fd\u80fd\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u89c2\u5c31\u4f1a\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5148\u524d\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u591a\u6837\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u77e5\u89c9\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5b98\u80fd\u8981\u628a\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u6240\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u9886\u4f1a\u5230\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u5f71\u54cd\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u539f\u521d\u6784\u9020\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u591a\u6837\u8868\u8c61\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u7ed3\u5408\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u76f4\u89c2\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u5b83\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u548c\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u8868\u8c61\u81ea\u8eab\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5fc3\u7075\u88ab\u5185\u90e8\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5b83\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
                        III. \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u76f4\u89c2(intuition)\u548c\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u76f4\u89c2\u90fd\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u8868\u8c61(represent)\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u4eec\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u4eec\u663e\u73b0(appear)\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u7edd\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u65ad\u8a00\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5e7b\u8c61\u6027\u663e\u73b0(illusory appearances)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61(phenomena)\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u4eec\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u90fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9e\u7ed9\u4e88(really given)\u7684\uff1b\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6216\u90a3\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53(thing in itself)\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u7269\u4f53\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6216\u663e\u73b0\u4e3a\u5728\u6211\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6211\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u6211\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4f9d\u7167\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e24\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u628a\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53d8\u6210\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5e7b\u8c61\u6027\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u90a3\u5c06\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fc7\u9519\u3002[12] \u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u6240\u6709\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u6027(ideality)\u539f\u5219\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027(objective reality)\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8c61\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u628a\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u53d8\u6210\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u663e\u73b0(appearance)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u89c6\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6(sine quibus non)\uff0c\u5e76\u601d\u8003\u6211\u4eec\u7531\u6b64\u9677\u5165\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4e24\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53(substances)\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e0d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u8981\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u5b58\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d23\u5907\u5584\u826f\u7684\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1(Berkeley)\u628a\u7269\u4f53\u8d2c\u4f4e\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5e7b\u8c61\u6027\u663e\u73b0\u3002\u4e0d\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5c06\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u50cf\u65f6\u95f4\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u865a\u65e0\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u884c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4e4b\u4e00\u8d77\u53d8\u6210\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u663e\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u8352\u8c2c\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u72af\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n
                      \n
                      [12] \u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u5b98\u80fd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u73ab\u7470\u7684\u7ea2\u8272\u6216\u9999\u5473\u3002\u4f46\uff08\u5e7b\u76f8\u7684\uff09\u663e\u73b0\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8c13\u8bcd\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f52\u5c5e\u628a\u53ea\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u6027\u5b98\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u624d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5f52\u5c5e\u7ed9\u4e86\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u571f\u661f\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u628a\u624b\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u603b\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u5e7b\u76f8\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u628a\u7ea2\u8272\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u73ab\u7470\uff0c\u6216\u628a\u628a\u624b\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u571f\u661f\uff0c\u6216\u628a\u5e7f\u5ef6\u6027\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u6211\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5e7b\u76f8\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                        IV. \u5728\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5730\u907f\u514d\u628a\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u603b\u662f\u5305\u542b\u9650\u5236\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\u4e4b\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u51ed\u4ec0\u4e48\u6743\u5229\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u552f\u4e00\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u7684\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u521d\u7684(primitive)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u76f4\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u5b98\u80fd\u88ab\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u65f6\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
                        \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u628a\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u65b9\u5f0f\u9650\u5236\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u611f\u6027\u5b98\u80fd\u4e0a\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u6240\u6709\u6709\u9650\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u81f4\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u51b3\u5b9a\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u611f\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u6027\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u6d3e\u751f\u7684\u76f4\u89c2(intuitus derivativus)\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u521d\u7684\u76f4\u89c2(intuitus originarius)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u539f\u56e0\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u5b58\u5728\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u76f4\u89c2\uff08\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u51b3\u5b9a\u548c\u9650\u5236\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc4\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u53ea\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n
                      \u56db\u3001\u8d85\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba<\/h2>\n
                      4.1 \u8981\u70b9<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      1. \u65f6\u7a7a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2<\/li>\n
                      2. \u5148\u5929\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6761\u4ef6<\/li>\n
                      3. \u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8303\u56f4\u9650\u5236<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                        4.2 \u8bd1\u6587<\/h3>\n
                          \u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u8d85\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u666e\u904d\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a"\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u547d\u9898(synthetical propositions \u00e0 priori)\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f"\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2(pure \u00e0 priori intuitions)\uff0c\u5373\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5148\u5929\u5224\u65ad(judgement \u00e0 priori)\u4e2d\u8d85\u51fa\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u67d0\u79cd\u5728\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u786e\u5b9e\u80fd\u5728\u4e0e\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\u5148\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u76f4\u89c2\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u4ece\u4e0d\u8d85\u51fa\u611f\u5b98\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ea\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c(possible experience)\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                          \u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8Transcendental Doctrine of Elements\u90e8\u5206\u7684TRANSCE …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[233,229],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1570"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1570"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1570\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1571,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1570\/revisions\/1571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1570"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1570"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1570"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}