{"id":1150,"date":"2024-04-25T22:06:37","date_gmt":"2024-04-25T14:06:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/?p=1150"},"modified":"2025-10-09T13:55:02","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T05:55:02","slug":"pei-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swordofmorning.com\/index.php\/2024\/04\/25\/pei-01\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e00\u5c0f\u65f6\u5165\u95e8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><strong>Political Economy Introduction 01\u300aA Little History of Economics\u300bBrief<\/strong><\/center><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u7b80\u8981\u56de\u987e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u4e8e\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u7ade\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u91d1\u878d\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"has-toc have-toc\"><\/div><\/p>\n<h2>\u4e00\u3001Free Competition<\/h2>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u56de\u987e\u524d\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5373\u81ea\u7531\u7ade\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u773c\u5149\u53bb\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u662f\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7528\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u770b\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.1 Mercantilism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6211\u4eec\u8df3\u8fc7\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4ee5\u7269\u6613\u7269\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u5927\u6d77\u822a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u53bb\u5ba1\u89c6\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5982\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u53bb\u628a\u63e1\u5b83\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u5a92\u4ecb\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8d35\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4fe1\u7528\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ec4\u91d1\u5c31\u662f\u8d22\u5bcc\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\uff0c\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u9f13\u52b1\u51fa\u53e3\u3001\u6291\u5236\u8fdb\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<strong>\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u5907<\/strong>\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fe1\u5949\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6bd4\u8f83\u829c\u6742\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7f3a\u4e4f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e38\u8bc6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\uff1f\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d22\u5bcc\u5c31\u662f\u91d1\u94f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u679c\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u8db3\u591f\u591a\u7684\u91d1\u94f6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u72af\u4e86\u201c\u5f25\u8fbe\u65af\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d\u3002\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u795e\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u9152\u795e\u4fc4\u72c4\u5c3c\u7d22\u65af\u8bf4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u56fd\u738b\u5f25\u8fbe\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u7684\u6240\u89e6\u4e4b\u7269\u90fd\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u9ec4\u91d1\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u8fdb\u98df\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u4e5f\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u9ec4\u91d1\uff0c\u9965\u997f\u7684\u5371\u9669\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4ea7\u51fa\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bcc\u88d5\u4e0e\u5426\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u9ec4\u91d1\u6765\u8d2d\u4e70\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u7eb8\u5e01\u2014\u2014\u672c\u8eab\u6beb\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7f8e\u5143\u6216\u82f1\u9551\u3002\u786c\u5e01\u2014\u2014\u7531\u4f7f\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5176\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u5236\u6210\uff0c\u548c\u7eb8\u5e01\u5177\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5370\u949e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u51ed\u7a7a\u9020\u94b1\uff1b\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u5219\u9700\u8981\u652f\u4ed8\u771f\u91d1\u767d\u94f6(\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u5c3c\u7984\u90a3\u6837\u964d\u4f4e\u8d27\u5e01\u6210\u8272)\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u5904\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5ba1\u89c6\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u9a6c\u5229\u7eb3\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u798f\u5229\u8870\u8d25\u7684\u7978\u6839\u300b\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u7ebf\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u91d1\u94f6\u50a8\u5907\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u5728\u4e8e\u51fa\u53e3\u8fc7\u5c11\u3001\u8fdb\u53e3\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u5916\u6d41\u3002\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u9650\u5236\u9ec4\u91d1\u5916\u6d41\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u56fd\u5bb6\u50a8\u5907\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u516c\u5171\u798f\u5229\u3002\u800c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5b5f\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u5f97\u81ea\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u9ec4\u91d1\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5f00\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8282\u6d41\u3002\u81ea16\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u897f\u6b27\u5404\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5916\u63a0\u593a(\u5305\u62ec\u5fb7\u96f7\u514b\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u4e4b\u95f4\u62a2\u593a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u539f\u6599\u4ea7\u5730\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4e89\u593a)\u6765\u5bfb\u6c42\u8d38\u6613\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5728\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9f13\u52b1\u51fa\u53e3\u3001\u6291\u5236\u8fdb\u53e3\uff0c\u8fdb\u53e3\u5546\u54c1\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f81\u7a0e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5c45\u6c11\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u8d2d\u4e70\u672c\u56fd\u5546\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u63a0\u593a(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5546\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8)\u4f7f\u5f97\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u3002\u5f53\u8fdb\u53e3\u4ea7\u54c1\u88ab\u5f81\u7a0e\uff0c\u83b7\u5229\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e3b\u8981\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u628a\u8fdb\u53e3\u770b\u4f5c\u574f\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5f88\u8352\u8c2c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u82f1\u56fd\u5c06\u9489\u5b50\u5356\u7ed9\u8377\u5170\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u8377\u5170\u7684\u635f\u5931\u3002\u5982\u679c\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6b63\u597d\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u9489\u5b50\uff0c\u8fdb\u53e3\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c31\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u574f\u4e8b\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u53cc\u8d62\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u94b1\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5546\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u672c\u571f\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7531\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u975e\u91d1\u94b1\u5851\u9020\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u7531\u91d1\u94b1\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u8de8\u533a\u57df\u548c\u5168\u7403\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f00\u7aef\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u91d1\u94b1\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u9053\u5fb7\u66f4\u53d7\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u601d\u60f3\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u6807\u6746\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.2 Physiocracy<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u91cd\u519c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed9\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u519c\u6c11\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u91cd\u519c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u8981\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u6d41\u52a8\uff1a\u5730\u4e3b <code>=\u8d2d\u4e70\u5546\u54c1=&gt;<\/code> \u5546\u4eba <code>=\u8d2d\u4e70\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1=&gt;<\/code> \u519c\u6c11 <code>=\u5730\u79df=&gt;<\/code> \u5730\u4e3b\u3002\u5f17\u6717\u7d22\u74e6\u00b7\u9b41\u5948\u548c\u9a6c\u594e\u65af\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u7c73\u62c9\u6ce2\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u519c\u6c11\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a0e\u57fa\u800c\u975e\u5730\u4e3b\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5faa\u73af\u6d41\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684<code>\u5269\u4f59<\/code>\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u5bf9\u5730\u4e3b\u6536\u7a0e\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u8d2d\u4e70\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u519c\u5177\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u6574\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u53bb\u8003\u8651\u9b41\u5948\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u5b9e\u7269\u2014\u2014\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5f00\u521b\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u91cd\u519c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u5546\u4e5f\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ea7\u54c1\u521b\u9020\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.3 Classical Liberalism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Adam Smith: <em>The Wealth of Nations<\/em> in 1776<\/h4>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u5728\u300a\u56fd\u5bcc\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u534f\u8c03\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7528\u8db3\u7403\u6765\u4e3e\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u8db3\u7403\u961f\u7684\u7403\u5458\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u7740\u826f\u597d\u7684\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5404\u53f8\u5176\u804c\uff1b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u7403\u961f\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u60f3\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u4e89\u593a\u8363\u8a89\u2014\u2014\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u6765\u5c04\u95e8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u548c\u961f\u53cb\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5219\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u51fa\u4e8e<strong>\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca<\/strong>\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u624d\u4f1a\u826f\u6027\u8fd0\u8f6c\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u665a\u9910\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c60\u592b\u3001\u917f\u9152\u5e08\u7684\u597d\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u901a\u8fc7\u665a\u9910\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u751f\u5b58\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u7684\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u5c60\u592b\u3001\u917f\u9152\u5e08\u4e5f\u4ea4\u6362\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u60e0\u4e92\u5229\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f70\u663e\u67d0\u79cd\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u54c1\u5fb7\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5229\u5df1\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8db3\u7403\u961f\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8db3\u7403\u961f\u9700\u8981\u6559\u7ec3\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u7403\u5458\u3002\u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u917f\u9152\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u917f\u9020\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u9152\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u917f\u9020\u591a\u5c11(\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e74\u4ee3\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e)\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u53bb\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u9500\u91cf\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6765\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u65af\u5bc6\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u624b\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u7eaf\u826f\u7684\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u6b63\u76f4\u3001\u5584\u826f\u7684\u4eba\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4fc3\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7f3a\u65a4\u77ed\u4e24\u7684\u9a97\u5b50\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4ea4\u6362\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c<code>\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5<\/code>\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u5728\u65af\u5bc6\u63d0\u51fa\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u4e3e\u4e86\u751f\u4ea7\u522b\u9488\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u522b\u9488\u9700\u898118\u9053\u5de5\u5e8f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ece\u5934\u5230\u5c3e\u8d1f\u8d23\u751f\u4ea7\u522b\u9488\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u5929\u53ea\u80fd\u751f\u4ea7\u51e0\u4e2a\u522b\u9488\uff1b\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e00\u9053\u6216\u51e0\u9053\u5de5\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u751f\u4ea7\u5c31\u80fd\u6781\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u4ea7\u6548\u7387\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6df1\u5316\uff0c\u5206\u5de5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5316\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a10\u4eba\u7684\u5c0f\u7fa4\u4f53\u91cc\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6bcf\u5929\u78e8\u9488\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6bcf\u5929\u505a\u9488\u5934\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u968f\u7740\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5206\u5de5\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6548\u7387\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5206\u5de5\u624d\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5206\u5de5\u5177\u6709\u666e\u60e0\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5206\u5de5\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u964d\u4f4e\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u540c\u6837\u5bf9\u8d22\u5bcc\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u5236\u9020\u7684\u6709\u7528\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u63d0\u901f\u6d88\u8d39\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53ea\u6ce8\u91cd\u4ece\u51fa\u53e3\u4e2d\u6362\u53d6\u9ec4\u91d1\u5927\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e<code>\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca<\/code>\u548c<code>\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5<\/code>\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5bc6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e02\u573a\u5e94\u8be5\u638c\u63e1\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c<strong>\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11<\/strong>\u5730\u5e72\u9884\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d8\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8ba9\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u201c\u611a\u8822\u548c\u65e0\u77e5\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u5f02\u5316\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u52b3\u5de5\u548c\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u5206\u914d\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5176\u540e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>David Ricardo: 1772-1823<\/h4>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u6240\u5904\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u3001\u5730\u4e3b\u548c\u52b3\u5de5\u4e09\u65b9\u6b63\u76f8\u4e92\u4e89\u593a\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u5206\u914d\u6743\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u65af\u5bc6\u6240\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u867d\u7136\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u4f46\u77db\u76fe\u968f\u7740\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u62b1\u6028\u800c\u6108\u53d1\u5c16\u9510\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5730\u4e3b\u9ad8\u989d\u7684\u79df\u91d1\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u519c\u6c11\u6210\u672c\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u98df\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u9ad8\u6602\u3002\u4f46\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff1a<strong>\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u62ac\u9ad8\u4e86\u79df\u91d1<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6df7\u4e71\u6211\u4eec\u540e\u9762\u518d\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u8bc1\u660e\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5730\u4e3b\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u6096\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u5730\u4e3b\u6709\u4e00\u7247\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u79df\u7ed9\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\uff0c\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u96c7\u4f63\u52b3\u5de5\u751f\u4ea7\u98df\u7269\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u4ea7\u91cf\uff0c\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5f00\u57a6\u8d2b\u7620\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8015\u4f5c\u96be\u5ea6\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3001\u4ea7\u91cf\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e30\u9976\u571f\u5730\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u98df\u7269\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u96c7\u4f63\u66f4\u591a\u52b3\u5de5\uff0c\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u6536\u5165\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u80a5\u6c83\u571f\u5730\u7684\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u6536\u5165\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u5bf9\u80a5\u6c83\u571f\u5730\u7684\u4e89\u593a\u53ea\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u5730\u4e3b\u7684\u79df\u91d1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u62e5\u6709\u80a5\u6c83\u571f\u5730\u7684\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u3002\u6362\u6210\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u52a0\u5de5\u5382\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5730\u4e3b\u5265\u524a\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u7684\u201c\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u62ac\u9ad8\u4e86\u79df\u91d1\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u8c37\u7269\u6cd5\u300b\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u8c37\u7269\u5b9e\u884c\u8fdb\u53e3\u5173\u7a0e\uff0c\u85c9\u4ee5\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u82f1\u56fd\u519c\u592b\u53ca\u5730\u4e3b\u514d\u53d7\u6765\u81ea\u4ece\u751f\u4ea7\u6210\u672c\u8f83\u4f4e\u5ec9\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u6240\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u8c37\u7269\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u300a\u8c37\u7269\u6cd5\u300b\u2014\u2014\u5411\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u5f81\u6536\u5173\u7a0e\u2014\u2014\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u56fd\u5185\u571f\u5730\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u5e76\u4e14\u4f7f\u5730\u79df\u5347\u9ad8\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8865\u8d34\u4f1a\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5c01\u5efa\u5730\u4e3b\u624b\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u8fdc\u79bb\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5730\u4e3b\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u8d22\u5bcc\u6d6a\u8d39\u5728\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u76f8\u4fe1\u300a\u8c37\u7269\u6cd5\u300b\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u505c\u6ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u300a\u8c37\u7269\u6cd5\u300b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u8c37\u7269\u7684\u79cd\u690d\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u8fdb\u53e3\u5ec9\u4ef7\u7684\u8c37\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79cd\u690d\u8c37\u7269\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5236\u9020\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u5e03\u5339\u548c\u94a2\u94c1\u2014\u2014\u552e\u5356\u7ed9\u5916\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8c37\u7269\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u8c37\u7269\u6bd4\u82f1\u56fd\u4fbf\u5b9c\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u94a2\u94c1\u6bd4\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u4fbf\u5b9c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e8c\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u8d38\u6613\u5c31\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u53cc\u8d62\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u53ca\u8d4b\u7a0e\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u7684<code>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f18\u52bf\u7406\u8bba<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.4 Socialism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Utopian Socialism<\/h4>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u65af\u5bc6\u548c\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u7e41\u8363\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u8d5a\u94b1\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u574f\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684(\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5904\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u52b3\u5de5\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u624d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u5265\u524a\u548c\u5f02\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5085\u91cc\u53f6\u3001\u6b27\u6587\u548c\u5723\u897f\u95e8(\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4e0d\u53bb\u8d58\u8ff0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u826f\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9f3b\u7956\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d44\u6e90\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d22\u4ea7\u88ab\u62e5\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u867d\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u7a7a\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u5374\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u9760\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5584\u610f\uff0c\u52b3\u8d44\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6297\u4e89\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u6781\u4e3a\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u5728\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e2d\u7070\u98de\u70df\u706d\u3002\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ee5\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u4f1a\u5728\u55a7\u56a3\u548c\u5267\u53d8\u4e2d\u8bde\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>Marxism<\/h4>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u8d2d\u4e70\u539f\u6750\u6599\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ee5\u4e00\u5b9a\u4ef7\u683c\u51fa\u552e\uff0c\u5229\u6da6\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\u5462\uff1f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f04\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5148\u4e86\u89e3\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\u65af\u5bc6\u3001\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u603b\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c4\u5f8b\u201d(labour theory of value)<\/code>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5236\u9020\u4e00\u4ef6\u886c\u886b\u9700\u898130\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e30\u5206\u949f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u91cf\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u540c\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u53ea\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u6700\u4f4e\u751f\u5b58\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4eba\u5de5\u4f5c5\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5c31\u8db3\u4ee5\u517b\u6d3b\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1(\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u5de5\u8d44)\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u8d85\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684<code>\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c<\/code>\u53bb\u54ea\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u5b83\u6d41\u5165\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u7684\u8170\u5305\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u5c06\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u6269\u5927\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u5ef6\u957f\u5de5\u65f6\u548c\u52a0\u5927\u52b3\u52a8\u91cf\u6765\u5265\u524a\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u69a8\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u800c\u5de5\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u964d\u4f4e\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u957f\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5de5\u8d44\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u5728\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u548c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u7eb7\u4e89\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u5728\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u9664\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5916\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u9664\u4e86<code>\u4ef7\u503c\u89c4\u5f8b<\/code>\u548c<code>\u5265\u524a\u7406\u8bba(Exploitation Theory)<\/code>\uff0c\u5728<strong>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/strong>\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u8fd8\u6709<code>\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u5f02\u5316(Worker Alienation)<\/code>\u3001<code>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51(Base and Superstructure)<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u505a\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.5 Neoclassical economics<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7ecf\u5e38\u6e38\u73a9RPG\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u90a3\u4f60\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f88\u719f\u6089<code>\u201c\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u201d(marginal utility)<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7528\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u70ed\u72d7\u548c\u53ef\u53ef\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u800c\u7528\u66b4\u51fb\u4f24\u5bb3\u548c\u66b4\u51fb\u7387\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u7684\u66b4\u51fb\u7387\u662f20%\uff0c\u66b4\u51fb\u4f24\u5bb3\u662f60%(\u7ed3\u7b97\u65f6\u6309\u71671+60%\u8ba1\u7b97)\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5206\u914d\u989d\u5916\u7684\u70b9\u6570\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u914d\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230100%\u7684\u66b4\u51fb\u7387\u548c60%\u7684\u66b4\u51fb\u4f24\u5bb3\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u914d\u621020%\u7684\u66b4\u51fb\u7387\u548c220%\u7684\u66b4\u51fb\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba1\u7b97\u671f\u671b\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5f53\u66b4\u51fb\u7387:\u66b4\u51fb\u4f24\u5bb3 = 1:2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u6709\u6700\u5927\u7684\u671f\u671b\u503c\u3002\u5f53\u66b4\u51fb\u7387\u8d85\u8fc7\u66b4\u51fb\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u5206\u914d\u70b9\u6570\u7ed9\u66b4\u51fb\u7387\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u662f\u9010\u6e10\u4e0b\u964d\u7684\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u601d\u8003\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8d27\u5e01(\u53ef\u5206\u914d\u70b9\u6570)\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u5546\u54c1(\u4eba\u7269\u5c5e\u6027)\u6765\u8bf4\u592a\u5c11\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u786e\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5bf9\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u6770\u6587\u65af\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u7684<code>\u4f9b\u9700\u5173\u7cfb\u6a21\u578b(Supply and demand model)<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 217px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"   class=\"lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg\/217px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/gh\/moezx\/cdn@3.0.2\/img\/svg\/loader\/trans.ajax-spinner-preloader.svg\" onerror=\"imgError(this)\"  width=\"217\" height=\"217\" alt=\"\u56fe1\" class=\"size-full\" \/ ><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg\/217px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png\" width=\"217\" height=\"217\" alt=\"\u56fe1\" class=\"size-full\" \/><\/noscript> \u56fe1\uff1a\u4f9b\u9700\u5173\u7cfb\u6a21\u578b<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u591a\u8d58\u8ff0\u4f9b\u9700\u5173\u7cfb\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u8bd5\u60f3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e2f\u53e3\u6709\u4e00\u7fa4\u9c7c\u8d29\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u51fa\u552e\u4e09\u6587\u9c7c\u3002\u4e00\u6761\u4e09\u6587\u9c7c\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u6839\u636e\u4f9b\u9700\u5173\u7cfb\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u4e3a2\u5143\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5356\u5bb6\u6216\u4e70\u5bb6\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u64cd\u4f5c\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e14\u6c11\u7684\u4e09\u6587\u9c7c\u4ef7\u683c\u662f3\u5143\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u54c1\u8d28\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f60\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d2d\u4e70\u5b83\uff1b\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u82b11\u5143\u4e70\u5230\u4e00\u6761\u4e09\u6587\u9c7c\uff0c\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u6539\u53d8\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u201d(perfect competition)<\/code>\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u6301\u8f83\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4ece\u4ea4\u6613\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5de8\u989d\u5229\u6da6\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u4e70\u5230\u7269\u7f8e\u4ef7\u5ec9\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u6770\u6587\u65af\u548c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u6781\u5177\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u5728\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u548c\u515c\u552e\u5b9e\u73b0\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u9a6c\u5c14\u8428\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a77\u4eba\u4eec\u5219\u62fc\u547d\u5730\u751f\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u800c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5219\u4ee5<code>\u201c\u7406\u6027\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba(rational economic man)\u201d<\/code>\u2014\u2014\u5373\u8861\u91cf\u8fb9\u9645\u6210\u672c\u548c\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u540e\u51b3\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6765\u5ba1\u89c6\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5bf9\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u6240\u7a83\u53d6\u3002\u800c\u201c\u7406\u6027\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u201d\u4e0b\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5265\u524a\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u989d\u5916\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0b\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66(\u4e0a\u8ff0\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u65af\u5bc6\u548c\u674e\u5609\u56fe)\u5173\u6ce8\u5e02\u573a\u5982\u4f55\u638c\u63a7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e76\u4f7f\u5176\u7e41\u8363\uff1b\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u638c\u63a7\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bfb\u627e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6216\u8005\u9ec4\u91d1\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6d4b\u91cf\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4f9b\u9700\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u4e00\u74f6\u8461\u8404\u9152\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9700\u6c42\u5f3a\u70c8\u800c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u3001Imperialism<\/h2>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u9047\u5230\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u56de\u987e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.1 Trade Protectionism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u8d38\u6613\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;18\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u963b\u6b62\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5728\u672c\u56fd\u9500\u552e\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u548c\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6070\u597d\u88ab\u8fb9\u5883\u7ebf\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e70\u5356\u3002\u674e\u65af\u7279\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u5904\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u519c\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u674e\u65af\u7279\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6b63\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u817e\u98de\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u9886\u5148\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u590d\u5236\u82f1\u56fd\u6210\u529f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u674e\u65af\u7279\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u800c\u975e\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u624d\u80fd\u521b\u9020\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c31\u50cf\u7a1a\u5ae9\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u5173\u6ce8\u4ed6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8ba9\u4ed6\u53bb\u7ade\u4e89\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c97\u4f4d\u517b\u5bb6\u7cca\u53e3\u3002\u5f53\u513f\u7ae5\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u957f\u8d77\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u5b66\u4f1a\u65b0\u7684\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u6709\u671d\u4e00\u65e5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u4eba\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u674e\u65af\u7279\u4e3b\u5f20\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u7a0e\u6765\u5b9e\u884c\u8d38\u6613\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5730\u533a\u5904\u4e8e\u76f8\u540c\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\u65f6\u624d\u6709\u7528\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u598219\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u66f4\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5c06\u4f1a\u6467\u6bc1\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.2 Monopoly Capitalism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u5ffd\u7565\u5217\u5b81\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u5171\u8fd0\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u4ed6\u89c2\u5bdf\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e3a\u5207\u5165\u70b9\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5728\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f46\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5411\u6d77\u5916\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5927\u578b\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u94f6\u884c\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u5728\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u90fd\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6295\u8d44\u4eba\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\uff1b\u800c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5927\u578b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u5219\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5927\u94f6\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5f15\u53d1\u5bf9\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u8d77\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u94f6\u884c\u8d44\u672c\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u91d1\u878d\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u5be1\u5934\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8d44\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u8d27\u7269\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ed3\u6210\u56fd\u9645\u5784\u65ad\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u74dc\u5206\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5217\u5f3a\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u9886\u571f\u7684\u74dc\u5206\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u74dc\u5206\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u5f15\u53d1\u91cd\u65b0\u74dc\u5206\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5f15\u53d1\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u5949\u4e3a\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8282\u7701\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u9a70\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u90fd\u4ece\u5236\u9020\u5546\u54c1\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b14\u6536\u5165\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eca\u5929\u82b1\u6389\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6536\u5165\u5fae\u8584\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u4f1a\u628a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6536\u5165\u7528\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u7684\u6536\u5165\u662f\u666e\u901a\u5de5\u4eba\u768450\u500d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5c06\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6536\u5165\u4ee5\u8d2d\u4e70\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u82b1\u6389\u5417\uff1f\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e00\u4e9b\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6536\u5165\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u50a8\u5b58\u6216\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f1a\u6d41\u5165\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u5bcc\u4eba\u548c\u6709\u6743\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5bb6\u7684\u53e3\u888b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u7528\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u6765\u6269\u5927\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u2014\u2014\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u6269\u5927\u2014\u2014\u4e70\u5f97\u8d77\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\u5374\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002\u5bcc\u4eba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d2d\u4e70\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u4ed6\u62fc\u4e86\u547d\u7684\u82b1\u94b1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d2d\u4e70\u8d85\u51fa\u4ed6\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u5374\u56ca\u4e2d\u7f9e\u6da9\u3002\u968f\u7740\u56fd\u5185\u4f18\u8d28\u8d44\u4ea7\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\u6d77\u5916\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6216\u8005\u91d1\u878d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6b96\u6c11\u63a0\u593a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u5c06\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6839\u57fa\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u706d\u4ea1\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4ece\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u547d\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u79f0\u8d5e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u5b58\u50a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u51fa\u53e3\u2014\u2014\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5916\u63a0\u593a\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8d22\u5bcc\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u800c\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6536\u5165\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5bf9\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5206\u914d\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5c06\u4fc3\u4f7f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u50a8\u84c4\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u6d41\u901a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4fbf\u4f1a\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u795b\u9664\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u82d7\u6761\u3002\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ea\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5be1\u5934\u5e26\u6765\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.3 Imperfect Competition<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u201c1.5 \u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u201d\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<code>\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u201d(Perfect Competition)<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e70\u8005\u548c\u5356\u8005\u89c4\u6a21\u8db3\u591f\u5927\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba(\u5305\u62ec\u4e70\u8005\u548c\u5356\u8005)\u90fd\u662f\u4ef7\u683c\u63a5\u53d7\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u5f71\u54cd\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u72b6\u6001\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4e70\u5bb6\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u552e\u5356\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u65b9\u4e0e\u6574\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u76f8\u6bd4\u90fd\u662f\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e0c\u671b\u5b9e\u73b0\u5229\u6da6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u9760\u62ac\u9ad8\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u8bdd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u987e\u5ba2\u6d41\u5931\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u53cd\u9762\u662f\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u4f46\u60f3\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0<strong>\u5b8c\u5168\u7684<\/strong>\u5784\u65ad\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u79cd\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u88ab\u63d0\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u4e50\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6709\u53ef\u53e3\u53ef\u4e50\u548c\u767e\u4e8b\u53ef\u4e50\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u53ef\u53e3\u53ef\u4e50\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4ece3\u5143\u6da8\u5230\u4e864\u5143\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u8d2d\u4e70\u540c\u6837\u662f3\u5143\u7684\u767e\u4e8b\u53ef\u4e50\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u8d2d\u4e70\u53ef\u53e3\u53ef\u4e50\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u53e3\u53ef\u4e50\u6da8\u4ef7\u52305\u5143\uff0c\u767e\u4e8b\u53ef\u4e50\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u6709\u4e86\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u6027\u4ef7\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 1280px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"   class=\"lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Demand_curve_PC_and_IPC.jpg\/1280px-Demand_curve_PC_and_IPC.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/gh\/moezx\/cdn@3.0.2\/img\/svg\/loader\/trans.ajax-spinner-preloader.svg\" onerror=\"imgError(this)\"  width=\"1280\" height=\"905\" alt=\"\u56fe2\" class=\"size-full\" \/ ><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Demand_curve_PC_and_IPC.jpg\/1280px-Demand_curve_PC_and_IPC.jpg\" width=\"1280\" height=\"905\" alt=\"\u56fe2\" class=\"size-full\" \/><\/noscript> \u56fe2\uff1a\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u66f2\u7ebf<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>2.4 Keynesianism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49|Keynesian economics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u5486\u54ee\u768420\u5e74\u4ee3\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c1933\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5931\u4e1a\u4eba\u53e3\u8fbe\u52301300\u4e07\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5de5\u4eba\u603b\u6570\u76841\/4\u3002\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f53\u65f6\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u906d\u9047\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u5371\u673a\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u76f8\u4fe119\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\u7834\u4ea7\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u90fd\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u4e5f\u4f1a\u591a\u4e8e\u4e0a\u4e00\u5e74\u3002\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u4e5f\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653e\u7f13\uff0c\u4ea7\u91cf\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e0a\u4e00\u5e74\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<strong>\u8870\u9000<\/strong>\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8870\u9000\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5e76\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u4e5f\u975e\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u505a\u9519\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5dee\u9519\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u90fd\u5c06\u552e\u7f44\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u5728\u4e4e\u5176\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u3001\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u9774\u5b50\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u5356\u6389\u9774\u5b50\u4e70\u5165\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u8863\u670d\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u5356\u6389\u8863\u670d\u4e70\u5165\u9774\u5b50\u3002\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u5546\u54c1\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u94b1\u90fd\u5c06\u7528\u4e8e\u8d2d\u4e70\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u56e0\u4e3a\u5356\u4e0d\u51fa\u53bb\u8d27\u7269\u800c\u7f29\u51cf\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u3001\u5173\u95e8\u5927\u5409\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6839\u636e\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4fdd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5de5\u5382\u5168\u529b\u4ee5\u8d74\u5730\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5c06\u652f\u51fa\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u6d74\u7f38\u91cc\u7684\u6c34\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6536\u5165\u7528\u4e8e\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u65f6\u5019(\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u53d8\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u8d44)\uff0c\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u9002\u7528\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u94b1\u5b58\u8d77\u6765\u5462\uff1f\u6d74\u7f38\u4e2d\u7684\u6c34\u5219\u4ece\u6392\u6c34\u5b54\u4e2d\u6d41\u51fa\uff0c\u5b58\u91cf\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002\u50a8\u84c4\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6d41\u51fa\u90e8\u5206\u201d\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u4e5f\u5728\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6536\u5165\u964d\u4f4e\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4eba\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6253\u5f00\u6c34\u9f99\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u653e\u6c34(\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6d41\u51fa\u7684\u6c34\u518d\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8bdd)\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u6d74\u7f38\u4e2d\u7684\u603b\u91cf\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5219\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u8f6c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u5229\u7528\u5229\u7387\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fdd\u6301\u6d41\u51fa\u548c\u6d41\u5165\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6709\u6548\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u6211\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u628a\u94b1\u653e\u5230\u6211\u7684\u5e8a\u4e0b\u4ee5\u5907\u4e0d\u65f6\u4e4b\u9700\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u94f6\u884c\u53d8\u6210\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u8870\u9000\u4e4b\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u673a\u5236\u81ea\u884c\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u4f46\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e00\u65e6\u9677\u5165\u8870\u9000\u5c06\u65e0\u8def\u53ef\u9000\u3002\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u81ea\u884c\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7<strong>\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884<\/strong>\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u521b\u9020\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861(\u6c34\u7684\u6d41\u5165\u548c\u6d41\u51fa)\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u88ab\u5206\u4e3a\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.5 Hayekism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u54c8\u8036\u514b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63d0\u5021\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u95fb\u540d\u7684\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u548c\u524d\u8005\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u76f8\u9047\u4e86\u3002\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4<code>\u201c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d(totalitarianism)<\/code>\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u540c\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u201c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u201d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4e8c\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u6218\u65f6\u72b6\u6001(\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u521d\u671f\u5438\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u6218\u7684\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u6218\u90a3\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u52d2\u7d27\u88e4\u8170\u5e26\u7684\u6218\u65f6\u7ecf\u6d4e)\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u6c42\u5de5\u5382\u4e3a\u519b\u961f\u751f\u4ea7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u51cf\u5c11\u65e5\u7528\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4eba\u6c11\u80fd\u591f\u4e70\u5230\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u5e97\u94fa\u53ea\u6709\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7269\u8d44\u4f9b\u5e94\u3002<br \/>\n\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd0\u884c\u5de5\u5382\u751f\u4ea7\u81ea\u5df1\u60f3\u8981\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8d2d\u4e70\u81ea\u5df1\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u6d77\u62a5\u4e0a\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u589e\u52a0\u82f1\u56fd\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u52a0\u901f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u706d\u4ea1\u3002\u201d\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u6218\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325<strong>\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong>\uff0c\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u624d\u80fd\u5316\u89e3\u8870\u9000\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u6df7\u5408\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5265\u593a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4eba\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u66ff\u4eba\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5c06\u59a8\u788d\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6700\u540e\u624b\u6bb5\u662f\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6cd5\u8b66\uff0c\u800c\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6700\u540e\u5236\u88c1\u5219\u8bc9\u8bf8\u7ede\u5211\u5b98\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5185\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u505a\u5f97\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u635f\u5931\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u635f\u5931\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\u867d\u7136\u542c\u4e0a\u53bb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\uff1a\u9664\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u5730\u5e72\u9884\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8d27\u5e01\u5e94\u8be5\u975e\u56fd\u6709\u5316(\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5e72\u9884\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u53d1\u884c)\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.6 Austrian School<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5b66\u6d3e|\u5b89\u90a3\u5176\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u679c\u5b9e\u2014\u2014\u7433\u7405\u6ee1\u76ee\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6280\u672f\u2014\u2014\u662f\u7531\u82f1\u96c4\u521b\u9020\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9769\u65b0(\u4f8b\u5982\u798f\u7279T\u578b\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u4ece1908\u5e74\u63a8\u51fa\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0b\u964d)\u800c\u8d5a\u53d6\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u4e0e\u6c89\u6d6e\u90fd\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u521b\u4e1a\u548c\u6a21\u4eff\u7684\u6d88\u957f\u3002\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u6dd8\u6c70\u65e7\u6280\u672f\u2014\u2014\u6c7d\u8f66\u53d6\u4ee3\u9a6c\u8f66\uff0c\u8721\u70db\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7535\u706f\u3002\u80f6\u5377\u5236\u9020\u5546\u67ef\u8fbe\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u53c8\u5728\u6570\u7801\u65f6\u4ee3\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\u3002\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u5c06\u8fd9\u6210\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7834\u574f\u201d(creative destruction)<\/code>\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u6c38\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e0e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5784\u65ad\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6548\u7387\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u4ea7\u51fa\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u67d0\u7c7b\u5546\u54c1\u5728\u6295\u5165\u670d\u52a1\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u57ce\u5e02\u6c34\u7ba1\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u67b6\u8bbe\u7b49\u3002\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u5bf9\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u6765\u8bf4\u5177\u6709\u7279\u522b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4eec\u521b\u4e16\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5192\u9669\u884c\u4e3a\u5e26\u6765\u9ad8\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u83b7\u5f97\u9ad8\u5229\u6da6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u9f13\u52b1\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u65ad\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5728\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8981\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u5411\u6c60\u5858\u91cc\u6254\u77f3\u5934\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7834\u574f\u7684\u6d9f\u6f2a\u6c38\u4e0d\u6d88\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f46\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u5374\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec8\u5c06\u706d\u4ea1\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4ece\u5546\u54c1\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5229\u6da6\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u6240\u5f97\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5c11\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u6574\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u574d\u584c\u3002\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6587\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u4eba\u4eec\u201c\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u201d\u822c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u7a7f\u7740\u6df1\u7070\u8272\u7684\u897f\u88c5\u3001\u7528\u7740MacBook\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5f02\u5316\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u54c1\u724c\u3001\u5546\u54c1\u4f1a\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0a\u5e26\u6765\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u5bf9\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1b\u800c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9876\u5c42\u4eba\u58eb\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u73b0\u72b6\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u7684\u632b\u8d25\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6765\u81ea\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u53d1\u5c55(\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u4e86)\u3002\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.7 Development Economics<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u5174\u8d77\u4e86\u53cd\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5219\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u5174\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u8981\u52a1\u3002\u65f6\u4efb\u52a0\u7eb3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u987e\u95ee\u7684\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5218\u6613\u65af\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0e\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u201d\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\u5e97\u5468\u56f4\u90fd\u662f\u8857\u5934\u5c0f\u8d29\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u519c\u573a\u548c\u5de5\u5382\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u96c7\u4f63\u5de5\u4eba\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u54c1\u83b7\u5f97\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5bb6\u5ead\u519c\u573a\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u4eb2\u5c5e\u548c\u670b\u53cb\u4e4b\u95f4\u5206\u4eab\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8ffd\u6c42\u5229\u6da6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u5019\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90fd\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u3002\u5218\u6613\u65af\u79f0\u4e3a\uff1a\u4e8c\u5143\u7ecf\u6d4e\u2014\u2014\u201c\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u2026\u2026\u88ab\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u533a\u57df\u6240\u56f4\u7ed5\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u95e8\u6d88\u8017\u5927\u91cf\u4eba\u5de5\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8d21\u732e\u6709\u9650\u3002\u5987\u5973\u5728\u5bb6\u4ece\u4e8b\u96f6\u6563\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7537\u6027\u63d0\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u642c\u8fd0\u884c\u674e\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5728\u5bb6\u95e8\u53e3\u6e38\u73a9\u3002\u5218\u6613\u65af\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u201c\u65e0\u9650\u4f9b\u7ed9\u201d\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u51cf\u534a\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u611f\u89c9\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd9\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u2014\u2014\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u95e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u95e8\u5219\u4f1a\u7f29\u5c0f\u2014\u2014\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u533a\u57df\u201d\u5219\u4f1a\u540e\u64a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u7f57\u68ee\u65af\u5766-\u7f57\u4e39\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5218\u6613\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65b0\u5174\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u50cf\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u8d70\u5b8c200\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u67d0\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d8\u5f97\u5bcc\u6709\u3002\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u5f53\u53d1\u5c55\u5de5\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u65e8\u5728\u8ba9\u519c\u4e1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5feb\u901f\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u2014\u2014\u4ea7\u51fa\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u548c\u5316\u5de5\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5e02\u573a\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\uff1a\u5bf9\u76c8\u5229\u7684\u671f\u671b\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u5546\u4eba\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u67d0\u79cd\u5546\u54c1\u3002\u4f46\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5382\u60f3\u8981\u83b7\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u8d56\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5382\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u65b0\u5f00\u7684\u6c99\u4e01\u9c7c\u7f50\u5934\u5382\u9700\u8981\u9500\u552e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7f50\u5934\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8c01\u6765\u4e70\u5462\uff1f\u51fa\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4eba\u6536\u5165\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u6d88\u8d39\u5f97\u8d77\u3002\u7f50\u5934\u5382\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e70\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f50\u5934\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u5de5\u8d44\u7528\u4e8e\u8d2d\u4e70\u7f50\u5934\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u518d\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e00\u5bb6\u670d\u88c5\u5382\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u670d\u88c5\u5382\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d2d\u4e70\u7f50\u5934\uff0c\u7f50\u5934\u5382\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e5f\u80fd\u5c06\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6536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capitalism<\/h2>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u53f2\u4e3a\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4ece\u4ea7\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u5230\u91d1\u878d\u8d44\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u7a7f\u63d2\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.1 Nash Equilibrium<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u76f8\u4fe1\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u542c\u8fc7\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u3001\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u4ee5\u53ca\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7eb3\u4ec0\u8ba4\u4e3a\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u5176\u201c\u5747\u8861\u201d\u2014\u2014\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u5f53\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6709\u7406\u7531\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u5df1\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u901a\u8fc7\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u6765\u5feb\u901f\u6d4f\u89c8\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u4e24\u4e2a\u52ab\u532a\u56e0\u62a2\u52ab\u94f6\u884c\u800c\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u9003\u7a0e\u4e3a\u5176\u5b9a\u7f6a\u3002\u52ab\u532a\u88ab\u5206\u5f00\u5ba1\u8baf\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u62db\u4f9b\u6216\u62d2\u7edd\u8ba4\u7f6a\u3002(1)\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4eba\u62db\u4f9b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u4ee5\u62a2\u52ab\u7f6a\u88ab\u5224\u590410\u5e74\u6709\u671f\u5f92\u5211\uff1b(2)\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u62db\u4f9b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5077\u7a0e\u88ab\u5224\u59044\u5e74\u6709\u671f\u5f92\u5211\uff1b(3)\u4e00\u4eba\u62db\u4f9b\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4eba\u62d2\u7edd\u8ba4\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bc1\u4eba\u6307\u63a7\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4f1a\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5c06\u4f1a\u5224\u590420\u5e74\u6709\u671f\u5f92\u5211\u3002<br \/>\n\u5047\u8bbe\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4eba\u8ba4\u7f6a\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u52ab\u532a\u62d2\u7edd\u8ba4\u7f6a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u540e\u8005\u5c06\u88ab\u5173\u62bc20\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u540e\u8005\u4e5f\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u7f6a\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u5211\u671f\uff1b\u5047\u8bbe\u524d\u8005\u4e0d\u8ba4\u7f6a\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u7f6a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u540e\u8005\u5c06\u4f1a\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u4e86\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u7f6a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u5747\u8861\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u5947\u602a\uff1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u4f18\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5bf9\u53cc\u65b9\u800c\u8a00\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u6700\u4f18\u7684\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u8ba4\u7f6a\u624d\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u5747\u8861\uff1a\u4efb\u610f\u52ab\u532a\u51fa\u5356\u540c\u4f19\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u603b\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u3002\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u603b\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u77f3\u6cb9\u4ea7\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f7c\u6b64\u627f\u8bfa\u51cf\u5c11\u4ea7\u91cf\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u6cb9\u4ef7\u4e0a\u6da8\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u60f3\u8981\u51fa\u53e3\u66f4\u591a\u77f3\u6cb9\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u5728\u90a3\u65f6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u77f3\u6cb9\u8f93\u51fa\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.2 Chicago School<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5b66\u6d3e|\u201c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u6253\u901a\u4e86\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u5206\u91ce\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u4f4d\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8457\u540d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5b66\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u4ef7\u683c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u4e0a\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e97\u4e3b\u4e0a\u73ed\u65f6\u4f1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u6210\u672c\u548c\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u5bb6\u957f\u5728\u5bb6\u65f6\u8981\u6c42\u5b69\u5b50\u5173\u4e0a\u7535\u89c6\u53bb\u505a\u4f5c\u4e1a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u5728\u6210\u5e74\u540e\u80fd\u6323\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u8d61\u517b\u7236\u6bcd\u3002\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u95e8\u8bfe\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u770b\u5f85\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89c6\u89d2\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4e00\u5929\u4e0b\u5348\uff0c\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u573a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u8981\u8fdf\u5230\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u6c7d\u8f66\u505c\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u505c\u8f66\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ed6\u80af\u5b9a\u8981\u9519\u8fc7\u8fd9\u573a\u4f1a\u8bae\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u6c7d\u8f66\u505c\u5728\u8def\u8fb9\uff0c\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u7f5a\u6b3e\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u88ab\u7f5a\u6b3e\u7684\u6210\u672c\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u9519\u8fc7\u4f1a\u8bae\u8981\u4f4e\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u8f66\u505c\u5728\u8def\u8fb9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u542f\u53d1\u4e86\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u6709\u5173\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f6a\u72af\u548c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u90aa\u6076\u3001\u75c5\u6001\u6216\u8005\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u61c2\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u7684\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u662f\u6210\u672c\u548c\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u4e00\u540d\u5e97\u4e3b\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u9884\u9632\u72af\u7f6a\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7f6a\u72af\u7684\u6210\u672c\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u8fd8\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e70\u5356\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u578b\u5de5\u5382\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9762\u7c89\u3001\u852c\u83dc\u548c\u70f9\u996a\u6280\u672f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6295\u5165\u7528\u4e8e\u5f97\u5230\u4ea7\u51fa\uff1a\u4e00\u987f\u665a\u996d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u6765\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5546\u5e97\u91cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u677e\u4e70\u5230\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9762\u7c89\u548c\u852c\u83dc\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7a00\u7f3a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u603b\u6570\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u79f0\u4f5c<code>\u201c\u65f6\u95f4\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b(time-intensive)\u201d<\/code>\u5546\u54c1\u3002\u5446\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u770b\u7535\u5f71\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u672c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u7535\u8d39\u548c\u7206\u7c73\u82b1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f60\u539f\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u914d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u62dc\u8bbf\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u4eba\u7fa4\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b23\u8d4f\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u770b\u7535\u5f71\u800c\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u653e\u5f03\u5927\u91cf\u6536\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u751f\u80b2\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u629a\u517b\u5b69\u5b50\u4f1a\u5360\u7528\u4e2a\u4eba\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5f53\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5973\u6027\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u52b3\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u517b\u80b2\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u7684\u751f\u80b2\u610f\u613f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;19\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u5173\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5173\u4e4e\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u5230\u5e95\u591a\u6709\u6548\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5e97\u4e3b\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u5bb6\u5ead\u70f9\u996a\u548c\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.3 Solow Growth Model<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7406\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u601d\u8def\u601d\u8003\u7ecf\u6d4e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u589e\u957f\u7684\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7d22\u6d1b\u4e0e\u7279\u96f7\u5f17\u00b7\u65af\u65fa\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u6b63\u5e38\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8d44\u6e90\u7528\u6765\u751f\u4ea7\u65f6\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5982\u4f55\u589e\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u8bd5\u60f3\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u5904\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u8d44\u91d1(\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u5de5\u5382)\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6765\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u3002\u4eba\u5747\u4ea7\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u8861\u91cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5bcc\u88d5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6295\u8d44\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1\u8d2d\u4e70\u65b0\u7684\u9762\u5305\u7089\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u4ea7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9762\u5305\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7d22\u6d1b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u5411\u540c\u6837\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u6295\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u8d44\u672c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u4f1a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6548\u679c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<code>\u8d44\u672c\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u51cf(diminishing returns to capital)<\/code>\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ea\u6709\u6709\u9650\u7684\u9762\u5305\u7089\uff0c\u6bcf\u6295\u8d44\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u9762\u5305\u7089\u90fd\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u9762\u5305\u5e97\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u9762\u5305\u7089\u88ab\u6295\u5165\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u96be\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u53bb\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u7b2c100\u4e2a\u9762\u5305\u7089\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5c0f\u4e8e\u7b2c10\u4e2a\u9762\u5305\u7089\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8d44\u672c\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u51cf\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u589e\u52a0\u8d44\u672c\u50a8\u5907\u5e76\u589e\u52a0\u751f\u4ea7\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u589e\u957f\u6548\u7387\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9012\u51cf\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u989d\u5916\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u4f1a\u8017\u5c3d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d44\u672c\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u521b\u9020\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f1a\u5728\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u4e0d\u5728\u589e\u957f\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u505c\u6ede\u3002\u662f\u6280\u672f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ece\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u589e\u957f\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u7d22\u6d1b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u51c6\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u8d76\u4e0a\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8f83\u5c11\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\u4f1a\u5feb\u4e8e\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7136\u800c\u53ea\u8981\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6\u50cf\u7d22\u6d1b\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u5904\u5728\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u7d22\u6d1b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d2b\u56f0\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d70\u5411\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u5efa\u8bbe\u5927\u91cf\u5de5\u5382\u3001\u9053\u8def\u548c\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u76842.7\u8282\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u800c\u7d22\u6d1b\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e5f\u53ea\u4f1a\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u63a8\u52a8\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u957f\u671f\u7684\u589e\u957f\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u4f46\u7d22\u6d1b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed3\u675f\u65b0\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4ee4\u6280\u672f\u6210\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u5916\u751f\u7684\u201d<\/code>\uff1a\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5916\u90e8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u7528\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff1a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u9762\u4e34\u4ed6\u56fd\u4e13\u5229\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u6602\u8d35\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u5916\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u7f57\u9ed8\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u589e\u957f\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u662f<code>\u201c\u5185\u751f\u7684\u201d<\/code>\u2014\u2014\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u660e\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u5f15\u64ce\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u80fd\u8d5a\u94b1\u3002\u6280\u672f\u662f\u7279\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u88ab\u53d1\u660e\u4e4b\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u904d\u53c8\u4e00\u904d\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u5bb6\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u67d0\u79cd\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7194\u70b9\u800c\u6539\u826f\u94f8\u9020\u5de5\u827a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df(\u6bd4\u5982\u9910\u996e\u7528\u5177)\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53a8\u5177\u5236\u9020\u5546\u4e5f\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u6765\u5236\u9020\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u201c\u6280\u672f\u201d\u548c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u5176\u6210\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u201d\u5546\u54c1<\/code>\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u94bb\u5934\u5728\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86(\u78e8\u635f\u5f97\u592a\u4e25\u91cd\u4e86)\uff1b\u800c\u91d1\u5c5e\u5236\u9020\u5de5\u827a\u4e00\u65e6\u88ab\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u76f4\u5728\u90a3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u9274\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u7684\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u4e0d\u80fd\u5168\u90e8\u5f52\u4e8e\u5b83\u6700\u521d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u5c31\u4f1a\u5927\u5927\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u7f57\u9ed8\u6709\u5173\u6280\u672f\u7684\u589e\u957f\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5e26\u6765\u76f8\u6bd4\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u5e02\u573a\u6765\u8bf4\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7d22\u6d1b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u4f1a\u505c\u6ede\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u800c\u7d22\u6d1b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6280\u672f\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u91cf\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u65b0\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u800c\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u5219\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u800c\u5728\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u4e0d\u65ad\u843d\u540e\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.4 Partial\/General Equilibrium Theory<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u5c40\u90e8\u5747\u8861\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>19\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5b8c\u5907\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5982\u679c\u77f3\u6cb9\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5927\u4e8e\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u77f3\u6cb9\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u51cf\u5c11\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u589e\u52a0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u4f9b\u9700\u5173\u7cfb\u56de\u5230\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u201c\u5747\u8861\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u77f3\u6cb9\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u77f3\u6cb9\u5e02\u573a\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u80af\u5c3c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u7f57\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u6cb9\u7530\u65f6\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u77f3\u6cb9\u53d6\u6696\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7164\u70ad\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u77f3\u6cb9\u9700\u6c42\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u5bf9\u7164\u70ad\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u77ff\u5382\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u6570\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u968f\u7740\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u58ee\u5927\uff0c\u5bf9\u94a2\u94c1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e5f\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\uff1b\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u540c\u6837\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u8d2d\u4e70\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6d9f\u6f2a\u3002\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7406\u8bba\u662f<code>\u201c\u5c40\u90e8\u5747\u8861\u201d<\/code>\uff1a\u5b83\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u6d9f\u6f2a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;<code>\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861\u201d<\/code>\u5219\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8fde\u63a5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e02\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u83b1\u6602\u00b7\u74e6\u5c14\u62c9\u65af\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u8fd8\u8981\u7b49\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u963f\u7f57\u548c\u70ed\u62c9\u5c14\u00b7\u5fb7\u5e03\u52d2\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u963f\u5fb7\u548c\u5fb7\u5e03\u52d2\u5b66\u4e60\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u90a3\u4e48\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u968f\u4fbf\u4e00\u672c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u90fd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7528\u6587\u5b57\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4eba\u786e\u5b9e\u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u8f6c\u884c\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e24\u4eba\u4ece\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7740\u624b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5229\u7528\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63a8\u8bba\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u662f\u201c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u59cb\u7ec8\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u9999\u8549\u548c\u68a8\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f60\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u9999\u8549\uff1b\u9999\u8549\u548c\u6843\u5b50\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f60\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u6843\u5b50\uff1b\u90a3\u4e48\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u9999\u8549\uff0c\u4f60\u4e00\u5b9a\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u6843\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u504f\u597d\u7684\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u5e02\u573a\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u8d8b\u4e8e\u5e73\u9759\u3002\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5747\u8861\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5957\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u7eaa\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u8ba9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53<code>\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u81ea\u6d3d(inconsistent)\u201d<\/code>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5404\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6d9f\u6f2a\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5e02\u573a\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u5173\u5e02\u573a\u662f\u5426\u201c\u81ea\u6d3d\u201d\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u6b63\u5904\u5728\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e00\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd8\u60f3\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u6ee1\u8db3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0a\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5982\u4f55\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u67d0\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u53bb\u4e70\u4e86\u6c34\u679c\uff0c\u6211\u4e70\u4e86\u4e00\u888b\u6843\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u4e70\u4e86\u4e00\u888b\u9999\u8549\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u597d\u4e8b\u5417\uff1f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u96f7\u591a\u00b7\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u51cf\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u5229\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u589e\u52a0\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f<code>\u6700\u597d\u7684<\/code>\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4<code>\u201c\u4f4e\u6548\u7684(inefficient)\u201d<\/code>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u67094\u4e2a\u6843\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u67094\u4e2a\u9999\u8549\uff0c\u4f60\u5bf9\u6843\u5b50\u548c\u9999\u8549\u7684\u559c\u597d\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u9999\u8549\u7684\u559c\u597d\u662f\u6843\u5b50\u76842\u500d\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u4ea4\u6362\u6c34\u679c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u6bd4\u539f\u6765\u597d\u4e861\u500d\uff0c\u800c\u4f60\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684<code>\u201c\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6539\u8fdb(Pareto improvement)\u201d<\/code>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u4f73\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a\u9999\u8549\u539f\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u6211\u7684\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9999\u8549\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u88ab\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e86\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684<code>\u201c\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6700\u4f18(Pareto efficient)\u201d<\/code>\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6700\u4f18\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u518d\u4e0d\u635f\u5931\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u5229\u4e0b\u589e\u52a0\u603b\u4f53\u798f\u5229\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u88ab\u6d6a\u8d39\u201d\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u521a\u624d\u7684\u9999\u8549\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u963f\u7f57\u548c\u5fb7\u5e03\u52d2\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6700\u4f18\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5b9d\u8d35\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e3a\u5b83\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u2014\u2014<code>\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u798f\u5229\u5b9a\u7406(first welfare theorem)\u201d<\/code>\u3002\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6700\u4f18\u662f\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u7684\u6781\u9650\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c06\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5206\u7ed9\u7a77\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u83b7\u5f97\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5206\u914d\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u963f\u7f57\u548c\u5fb7\u5e03\u52d2\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5047\u8bbe\u5e02\u573a\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4e70\u5356\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u5f71\u54cd\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7b2c\u4e00\u798f\u5229\u5b9a\u7406\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u963f\u7f57\u548c\u5fb7\u5e03\u52d2\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u6765\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0a\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u5404\u53f8\u5176\u804c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u8d8b\u4e8e\u548c\u8c10\uff1f\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u624b\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5c06\u7b2c\u4e00\u798f\u5229\u5b9a\u7406\u89c6\u4f5c\u5bf9\u65af\u5bc6\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4f50\u8bc1\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u603b\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u6700\u4f18\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u624d\u9700\u8981\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5728\u9ad8\u7b49\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861\u7406\u8bba\u4f20\u9012\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u4e14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u5176\u4ed6\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.5 Dependency Theory<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u4f9d\u9644\u7406\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u8d38\u6613\u4f1a\u5e2e\u52a9\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d8\u5f97\u5bcc\u88d5\u3002\u800c\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u8d21\u5fb7\u00b7\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u5374\u4e0d\u8fd9\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u8d38\u6613\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u7a77\u56fd\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u8bf4\uff0c\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u5546\u54c1(\u6bd4\u5982\u519c\u4f5c\u7269)\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d(\u6bd4\u5982\u65b0\u5efa\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5de5\u5382)\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u5927\u578b\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u7a77\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u5408\u679c\u54c1\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7ecf\u8425\u7740\u6a2a\u8de8\u62c9\u7f8e\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u5931\uff0c\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7f29\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u62c9\u5927\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6838\u5fc3\u2014\u2014\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u5219\u662f\u4e9a\u975e\u62c9\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u8fb9\u7f18\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u201d\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8bd5\u56fe\u53d8\u5f97\u5bcc\u88d5\u2014\u2014\u6700\u7ec8\u53ea\u4f1a\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u8d2b\u7a77\u3002\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u4ee5<code>\u201c\u4f9d\u9644\u7406\u8bba(dependency theory)\u201d<\/code>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f18\u52bf\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53e4\u5df4\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u4ea7\u7cd6\u6bd4\u751f\u4ea7\u6c7d\u8f66\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u9009\u62e9\u51fa\u53e3\u7cd6\uff0c\u5e76\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d38\u6613\u6362\u53d6\u6c7d\u8f66\u3002\u4f46\u52b3\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u96f7\u7ef4\u4ec0\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u6536\u5165\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5bf9\u8fdb\u53e3\u54c1(\u4f8b\u5982\u6c7d\u8f66)\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u7b97\u518d\u600e\u4e48\u589e\u52a0\u9700\u6c42\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8d2d\u4e70\u8d85\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u7cd6\u3002\u666e\u96f7\u7ef4\u4ec0\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u591a\u6837\u5316\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\u8981\u751f\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u3002\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7cd6\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u751f\u6210\u6c7d\u8f66\u3001\u7535\u89c6\u7b49\u5de5\u4e1a\u54c1\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8d2d\u4e70\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u54c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5c06\u51fa\u53e3\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u94b1\u7528\u4e8e\u8d2d\u4e70\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u54c1\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5(\u6bd4\u5982\u4e9a\u6d32\u56db\u5c0f\u9f99\u7b49)\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.6 Fiscal &amp; Monetary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u8d22\u653f\u4e0e\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e8e1936\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u3001\u5229\u606f\u548c\u8d27\u5e01\u901a\u8bba\u300b\u662f\u6709\u5173\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u96be\u61c2\u7684\u4e00\u672c\uff0c\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7528\u610f\u30021946\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u4fdd\u6301\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u521b\u9020\u8db3\u591f\u591a\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u5c97\u4f4d\u3002\u800c\u572860\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4eba\u4eec\u82b1\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u8d27\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3a\u6b64\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u51cf\u7a0e\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u8ba9\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6bcf\u5929\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u82b12500\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u6797\u767b\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94b1\u80fd\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u6d41\u8f6c\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u5c11\u6536\u7684\u7a0e\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u6210\u500d\u7684\u201d\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ef4\u6301\u9884\u7b97\u8d64\u5b57\u6765\u5c06\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1\u6ce8\u5165\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6062\u590d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d64\u5b57\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u51cf\u7a0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u652f\u548c\u7a0e\u6536\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56(fiscal policy)\u201d<\/code>\u3002\u5728\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c\u201cfiscus\u201d\u6307\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u5b9d\u5e93\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u6307\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u7a0e\u6536\u5145\u5b9e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5e93\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u5f00\u652f\u628a\u94b1\u82b1\u6389\u3002\u5145\u5b9e\u56fd\u5e93\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5f81\u7a0e\uff0c\u5f00\u652f\u5219\u662f\u8d2d\u4e70\u836f\u54c1\u3001\u4e66\u672c\u3001\u6b66\u5668\u7b49\u3002\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u6267\u884c\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6548\u679c\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e5f\u5728\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u7b56\u662f<code>\u201c\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56(monetary policy)\u201d<\/code>\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5207\u6539\u53d8\u8d27\u5e01\u603b\u91cf\u6216\u501f\u8d37\u5229\u7387\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5370\u949e\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4ee5\u5176\u5229\u7387\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u6709\u8d27\u5e01\u800c\u4e0d\u83b7\u5f97\u5229\u606f\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d2d\u4e70\u503a\u5238\u8fd9\u6837\u6709\u5229\u606f\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u6216\u8005\u653f\u5e9c\u4f1a\u5728\u9700\u8981\u94b1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u53d1\u884c\u503a\u5238\u3002\u5f53\u503a\u5238\u5229\u7387\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u73b0\u91d1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fdd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u6323\u4e0d\u5230\u94b1\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u8d2d\u4e70\u503a\u5238\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8d27\u5e01\u9700\u6c42\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u653f\u5e9c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u91cf\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6301\u6709\u65b0\u589e\u949e\u7968\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u6301\u6709\u503a\u5238\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5229\u7387\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0b\u964d\u7684\u3002\u5229\u7387\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u4f7f\u5f97\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e86\u5176\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f4e\u5229\u7387\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u652f\u4ed8\u9ad8\u989d\u5229\u606f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8d37\u6b3e\u5f00\u8bbe\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u5e76\u4e0d\u5212\u7b97\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4f4e\u5229\u7387\u4f1a\u9f13\u52b1\u5546\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u653f\u5e9c\u589e\u52a0\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u91cf\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u4eec\u8d2d\u7269\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u589e\u52a0\u3002<strong>(\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u8d27\u5e01\u4e2d\u6027\u4e0e\u975e\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5)<\/strong>\u3002\u800c\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5219\u5c06\u8d27\u5e01\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u2014\u2014\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4f4e\u5229\u7387\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u548c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u3002<strong>\u4f46\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8d85\u53d1\u8d27\u5e01\u9020\u6210\u901a\u80c0\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6570\u4e0d\u80dc\u6570\uff0c\u8981\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u8ddf\u4e0a\u8d85\u53d1\u8d27\u5e01\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d27\u5e01\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8d2c\u503c\u60c5\u51b5<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u800c\u975e\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u8fd9\u6e90\u81ea\u5927\u8427\u6761\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f53\u65f6\u5229\u7387\u90a3\u4e48\u4f4e\uff0c\u8427\u6761\u8fd8\u662f\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u548c\u5229\u7387\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7684\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6295\u8d44\u53d1\u6325\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5546\u4eba\u7684<strong>\u4e50\u89c2\u611f\u53d7<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5229\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u800c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u8fd8\u662f\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d77\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u4ece\u8870\u9000\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u51fa\u8def\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u201c\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5c4a\u65f6\uff0c\u5de5\u8d44\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9f13\u52b1\u4f01\u4e1a\u96c7\u4f63\u66f4\u591a\u5de5\u4eba\uff1b\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u6d88\u8d39\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6ca1\u6709\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u8fd8\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5904\u4e8e\u8870\u9000\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5de5\u8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Public Chioce<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u516c\u5171\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5e03\u574e\u5357\u8bf4\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\uff1a\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u987e\u95ee\u548c\u90e8\u957f\u4eec\u3002\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u4e3a\u4eba\u683c\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5f53\u5bfb\u627e\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e00\u53cc\u978b\u6216\u8005\u6c7d\u8f66\u62a5\u4ef7\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7b26\u5408\u201c\u7406\u6027\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u6309\u7167\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3001\u6210\u672c\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u7684\u539f\u5219\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u697c\u540e\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5e03\u574e\u5357\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u8d5a\u94b1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6837\u53d7\u5230\u5ba1\u89c6\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4f1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5e03\u574e\u5357\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u516c\u5171\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u201d<\/code>\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u53bb\u9664\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u65e0\u79c1\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u66f4\u5351\u52a3\u3001\u9760\u4e0d\u4f4f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5e03\u574e\u5357\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u9996\u8981\u671f\u671b\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u4f4f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u4f4f\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u521b\u9020\u4e86<code>\u201c\u79df\u91d1\u201d(rents)<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u7ed9\u4e88\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002\u79df\u91d1\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6536\u5165\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u5bf9\u56fd\u5916\u6c7d\u8f66\u5f81\u7a0e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u514d\u53d7\u6d77\u5916\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u56fd\u4ea7\u6c7d\u8f66\u5382\u5546\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u5c31\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e2a\u522b\u7fa4\u4f53\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u4e86\u83b7\u53d6\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u505a\u5f97\u5c11\u4f46\u662f\u6323\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u201c\u5bfb\u79df\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5bfb\u79df\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u4f24\u5bb3\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u56fd\u5916\u7ade\u4e89\u65f6\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5c11\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u82b1\u65f6\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u6765\u9632\u6b62\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5bf9\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u5206\u6563\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97(\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u53bb\u505a\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5750\u4eab\u5176\u6210\uff1f)\u800c\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u7a00\u5c11\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u65bd\u52a0\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u7279\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5e03\u574e\u5357\u5bf9\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5ba2\u6c14\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u51fa\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u652f\u51fa\u4ee5\u523a\u6fc0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u523a\u6fc0\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u653f\u5e9c\u9884\u7b97\u63a8\u5411\u8d64\u5b57\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f00\u652f\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u7a0e\u6536\uff0c\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u523a\u6fc0\u653f\u7b56\u518d\u6b21\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u968f\u540e\u51cf\u5c11\u5f00\u652f\uff0c\u5e76\u6d88\u9664\u8d64\u5b57\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u603b\u662f\u6b22\u8fce\u653f\u5e9c\u589e\u52a0\u652f\u51fa\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u62a4\u6743\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0d\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\u5730\u907f\u514d\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u4ee5\u6fc0\u6012\u9009\u6c11\u3002\u5230\u6700\u540e\u652f\u51fa\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d64\u5b57\u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Monetarism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u8d27\u5e01\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;1978\u5e74\u81f31979\u5e74\u7684\u51ac\u5b63\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u51b0\u96ea\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6765\u88ad\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u66b4\u98ce\u822c\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\u6f6e\u3002\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u51ac\u5929\u201d\uff0c\u88ab\u4e00\u518d\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u4ee5\u6765\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f00\u59cb\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u5c31\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u915d\u917f\u7740\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f4e\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u5bf9\u5e94\u9ad8\u901a\u80c0\uff0c\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u5bf9\u5e94\u4f4e\u901a\u80c0\u3002\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u51fa\u6765\u523a\u6fc0\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u9ad8\u901a\u80c0\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u901a\u80c0\u5f00\u59cb\u7f13\u6162\u722c\u5347\uff0c\u5230\u4e8670\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c45\u4e0d\u4e0b\u7684\u901a\u80c0\u548c\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\u6240\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<code>\u201c\u6ede\u6da8(stagflation)\u201d<\/code>\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff1a\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u3001\u9ad8\u901a\u80c0\u3002\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\u5931\u6548\u4e86\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5931\u6548\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u7c73\u5c14\u987f\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c70\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e8e\u8d27\u5e01\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u6709\u5173\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u5e94\u53ef\u4ee5\u523a\u6fc0\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u80a1\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u529b\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u91cd\u63d0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c9b\u4e0a\u670910\u4e2a\u5356\u83e0\u841d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6bcf\u4eba\u6bcf\u5e74\u5356\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u83e0\u841d\uff0c\u6323\u52301\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u6709\u4e8610\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c9b\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5c31\u662f10\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c9b\u4e0a\u67095\u5f201\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u949e\u7968\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u621010\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd95\u5f20\u949e\u7968\u9700\u8981\u6bcf\u5e74\u8f6c\u624b2\u6b21\u3002\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf(5\u7f8e\u5143)x\u949e\u7968\u8f6c\u624b\u6b21\u6570(2\u6b21)=\u56fd\u6c11\u6536\u5165(10\u7f8e\u5143)\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u8d27\u5e01\u6d41\u901a\u901f\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u83e0\u841d\u5c9b\u7684\u592e\u884c\u589e\u52a0\u4e865\u5f201\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u949e\u7968\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf\u5230\u4e8610\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6d41\u901a\u901f\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f2\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f201\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u949e\u7968\u8f6c\u624b\u4e862\u6b21\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u6536\u5165\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e8620\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u6d41\u901a\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u6536\u5165\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d27\u5e01\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d27\u5e01\u6d41\u901a\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u592e\u884c\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u90fd\u95f2\u7f6e\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u94b1\u5305\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u6536\u5165\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u4ee5\u524d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53d8\u5316\u2014\u2014\u5047\u8bbe\u83e0\u841d\u5c9b\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u6d41\u901a\u901f\u5ea6\u4ece2\u964d\u4f4e\u52301\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u56fd\u6c11\u6536\u5165\u8fd8\u662f10\u7f8e\u5143\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002\u4f46\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u6d41\u901a\u901f\u5ea6\u603b\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u53c8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u83e0\u841d\u5c9b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illusion)\u201d<\/code>\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5de5\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e5f\u4f1a\u56de\u5230\u539f\u6765\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u901a\u80c0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u523a\u6fc0\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7528\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u5374\u7ec8\u5c06\u8fce\u6765\u4e00\u573a\u5bbf\u9189\uff1a\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u56de\u5230\u5f53\u521d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f34\u968f\u9ad8\u901a\u80c0\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u60f3\u8981\u7ef4\u6301\u5c31\u4e1a\u7387\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u62db\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u5374\u8bf4\u8fd9\u662f\u9152\u9b3c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u5bf9\u523a\u6fc0\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u763e\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u5728\u5927\u8427\u6761\u65f6\u671f\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c1929\u5e74\u52301933\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u5e94\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u4e861\/3\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8427\u6761\u7531\u8fc7\u5c11\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u5f15\u8d77\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8d27\u5e01\u592a\u5c11\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d27\u5e01\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6765\u8c03\u63a7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4f59\u5730\u6709\u591a\u5927\u5462\uff1f\u5f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0b\u884c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u5e94\u91cf\uff1b\u5f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u5e94\u91cf\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u6548\u679c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7acb\u523b\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u751f\u6548\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d8b\u52bf\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u4e86\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u627f\u8bfa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf\u7684\u5e74\u589e\u957f\u7387\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5f97\u597d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c06\u5176\u5b9a\u57283%\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.9 Rational Expectations<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5f53\u8ba1\u5212\u4e00\u6b21\u884c\u7a0b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f60\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f<code>\u201c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u9884\u671f(adaptive expectations)\u201d<\/code>\uff1a\u4f60\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u53d1\u751f\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f(\u8bf4\u4eba\u8bdd\uff0c\u62df\u5408)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u9047\u5230\u610f\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4eca\u5929\u642d\u4e58\u516c\u4ea4\u8f66\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u4fee\u8def\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u591a\u803d\u8bef\u4e86\u5341\u5206\u949f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u9884\u671f\u7406\u8bba\u8868\u793a\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u2014<code>\u201c\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\u201d(rational expectations)<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7531\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u7a46\u65af\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u7a46\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bf4\u8d77\u6765\u5e76\u4e0d\u590d\u6742\u3002\u9884\u671f\u5229\u7528\u8fc7\u5f80\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5229\u7528\u773c\u4e0b\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u4eca\u5929\u4f1a\u6709\u9053\u8def\u7ef4\u4fee\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u9884\u6d4b\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u665a\u5341\u5206\u949f\u5230\u8fbe\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6700\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u7a46\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u662f\u5c24\u91d1\u00b7\u73d0\u739b\uff0c\u4ed6\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u601d\u8003\u4e0b\u9762\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u80a1\u7968\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u4ece\u56fe\u8868\u4e2d\u770b\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0a\u6da8\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0b\u5468\u7684\u80a1\u7968\u4f1a\u6da8(\u8fd9\u7b26\u5408\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u9884\u671f)\u3002\u73d0\u739b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u6709\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9884\u671f\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e70\u5165\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u660e\u5929\u624d\u4e70\u5165\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u635f\u5931\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u4e70\u4f4e\u5356\u9ad8\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e70\u5165\u4e86\uff0c\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u63a8\u9ad8\u4e86\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u4e00\u5468\u4e0a\u6da8\u7684\u533a\u95f4\u5c31\u5f88\u5c0f\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e0a\u6da8\u7684\u533a\u95f4\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u5957\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u9884\u671f\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u8986\u76d6\u5f53\u5929\u4e0a\u6da8\u540e\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u5c31\u4f1a\u9519\u8fc7\u76c8\u5229\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u73d0\u739b\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u80a1\u7968\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u671f\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a\u80a1\u7968\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u6709\u53d8\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u52a8\u5df2\u7ecf\u53cd\u5e94\u5728\u5f53\u5929\u7684\u80a1\u7968\u91cc\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u6709\u6548\u5e02\u573a\u5047\u8bf4(efficient market hypothesis)\u201d<\/code>\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u975e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d8\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u6d4b\u4ef7\u683c<\/strong>\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u7406\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u5bb9\u6613\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba9\u54ea\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u9009\u62e9\u54ea\u4e00\u652f\u80a1\u7968\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u6d6a\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u968f\u673a\u6027\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u73d0\u739b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u91cc\uff1a\u4ef7\u683c\u8d8a\u662f\u968f\u673a\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u8d8a\u662f\u6709\u6548\uff1b\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u8d8a\u662f\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5b83\u6d41\u901a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e5f\u5c31\u5b8c\u6210\u5f97\u8d8a\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u7ed9\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u76d6\u4e0a\u7684\u68fa\u6750\u677f\u5417\uff1f\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u8bf4\uff0c\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\u2014\u2014\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u5f00\u652f\u6765\u523a\u6fc0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u964d\u4f4e\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u3001\u63a8\u9ad8\u901a\u80c0\uff0c\u7ec8\u5c06\u4f1a\u5d29\u584c\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u53ea\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5de5\u4eba\u8003\u8651\u5230\u901a\u80c0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd(\u4ed6\u4eec\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5de5\u8d44)\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u5c31\u4f1a\u56de\u5230\u539f\u6765\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5362\u5361\u65af\u4ece\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u7ed9\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u68fa\u6750\u677f\u9489\u4e0a\u4e86\u9489\u5b50\uff0c<em>\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u4f60\u4e0d\u5e72\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u5e72\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u4e2a\u5c41\u7684\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f<\/em>(\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u5bf9\u68fa\u6750\u677f\u505a\u8865\u5145\u53d9\u8ff0)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5362\u5361\u65af\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u4f1a\u8fc5\u901f\u627e\u5230\u5747\u8861\uff1a\u5f88\u5c11\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u5c11\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u8c03\u6574\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u8fd9\u79f0\u4f5c<code>\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u51fa\u6e05\u201d(market clearing)<\/code>\u3002\u5362\u5361\u65af\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\uff1a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4ef7\u683c(\u5de5\u8d44)\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u4f1a\u8ba9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4f9b\u5e94\u7b49\u4e8e\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u5c31\u4e1a\u5c97\u4f4d\u7684\u77ed\u7f3a\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e0d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u5931\u4e1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u592a\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u5de5\u8d44\u4f1a\u5feb\u901f\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u4f01\u4e1a\u96c7\u4f63\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u51fa\u6e05\u52a0\u4e0a\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u8bb0\u91cd\u62f3\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u51fa\u6e05\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u627e\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6ca1\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\uff1b\u7406\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u5c31\u4e1a\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5362\u5361\u65af\u7684\u5b66\u6d3e\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u201d(new classical economics)<\/code>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u6d3e\u590d\u5174\u4e86\u88ab\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u62a8\u51fb\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5e02\u573a\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u53d1\u8c03\u8282\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u653f\u5e9c\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5e72\u9884\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9887\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u5927\u8427\u6761\u671f\u95f4\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u8c03\u8282\u771f\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u5feb\u5417\uff1f\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba20\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u300121\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u8fd9\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\u548c\u6709\u6548\u5e02\u573a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6000\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.10 Minsky Moment<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u65f6\u523b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u56de\u6f6e\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5341\u5206\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u75af\u72c2\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u548c\u5d29\u584c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6d77\u66fc\u00b7\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6b63\u5728\u8d70\u5411\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6216\u8bb8\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u6709\u5173\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u90fd\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u72b9\u592a\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u4e8c\u4eba\u5728\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u514b\u601d100\u5468\u5e74\u8bde\u8fb0\u7684\u5e86\u795d\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u51ef\u6069\u65af\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u6d88\u6c89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u5bf9\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u89e3\u91ca\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u9879\u662f\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u662f\u5728\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u6709\u8d56\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u60c5\u7eea\u2014\u2014\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u9884\u671f\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7cbe\u795e\u6536\u5230\u904f\u5236\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c31\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u8427\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u7b56\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u63a8\u79fb\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u672a\u6765\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u5bf9\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5371\u673a\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u4f0f\u7b14\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u5bf9\u501f\u6b3e\u7684\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u8b66\u89c9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u8bd5\u7740\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u507f\u8fd8\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba9\u4f4d\u7ed9\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u90fd\u60f3\u8981\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u800c\u94f6\u884c\u4e5f\u613f\u610f\u501f\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u94f6\u884c\u624d\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8d37\u6b3e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6bcf\u6708\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u507f\u8fd8\u5229\u606f\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u4e86\u5f52\u8fd8\u672c\u91d1\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5ef6\u671f\u3002\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<code>\u201c\u6295\u673a\u501f\u8d37(speculative lending)\u201d<\/code>\uff1a\u8d37\u6b3e\u4ee5\u623f\u4ef7\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e0b\u8dcc\u4ee5\u53ca\u5229\u7387\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5347\u4e3a\u8d4c\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba9\u4f4d\u7ed9\u9c81\u83bd\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5feb\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u4eba\u60f3\u8981\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u8d37\u6b3e\u96be\u5ea6\u5374\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4f4e\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u90a3\u4e9b\u507f\u8fd8\u80fd\u529b\u5f88\u5dee\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u7528\u507f\u8fd8\u5229\u606f\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u628a\u5229\u606f\u52a0\u5728\u539f\u8d37\u6b3e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8d37\u6b3e\u6570\u989d\u4e0d\u65ad\u7d2f\u79ef\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u548c\u8d37\u6b3e\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u623f\u4ef7\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u623f\u4ef7\u5c31\u80fd\u4e00\u76f4\u6bd4\u8d37\u6b3e\u91d1\u989d\u9ad8\u3002\u7b49\u8fc7\u4e86\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u8d37\u6b3e\u8005\u5356\u6389\u4e86\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u507f\u8fd8\u8d37\u6b3e\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&emsp;&emsp;\u6ce1\u6cab\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u4f1a\u7834\u706d\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u65f6\u523b\u201d\uff0c\u653e\u8d37\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u611f\u5230\u754f\u602f\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8981\u6c42\u8d37\u6b3e\u4eba\u507f\u8fd8\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u505c\u6b62\u5411\u4fe1\u7528\u4e0d\u826f\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u623f\u4ef7\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u50cf\u4e4b\u524d\u4e00\u6837\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u7834\u574f\u4e86<code>\u201c\u65c1\u6c0f\u91d1\u878d(Ponzi 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